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Dec 14, 2020 at 20:10 comment added Chris Schommer-Pries @DavidESpeyer I don't believe any such example exists. If there were such an X with non-trivial obstruction, then this obstruction would persist on the 3-skeleton of X. So we might as well assume X is a 3-dimensional CW complex. But then by cellular approximation any map from X to BU(2) factors through the 3-skeleton of BU(2), which happens to also be the 2-skeleton $\mathbb{CP}^1$. However the universal bundle already splits into two lines when restricted to $\mathbb{CP}^1$.
Dec 8, 2020 at 21:25 history edited Denis Nardin CC BY-SA 4.0
Added remark about low dimensions
Dec 8, 2020 at 15:06 comment added David E Speyer Nice answer! So, presumably, the answer I gave was the obstruction in $H^4(X, \pi_3 \mathbb{CP}^1)$. Sure enough, the nonzero class in $\pi_3(\mathbb{CP}^1)$ comes from the Hopf fibration. This suggests I should be able to make an example where the obstruction comes from $H^3(X, \pi_2(\mathbb{CP}^1))$. This would be fun to try.
Dec 8, 2020 at 12:49 comment added Denis Nardin @DavidESpeyer Corrected, thank you!
Dec 8, 2020 at 12:48 history edited Denis Nardin CC BY-SA 4.0
typo
Dec 8, 2020 at 12:41 comment added David E Speyer Note that my answer is precisely the finite skeleton Denis mentions: $BU_2 \cong G(2,\infty)$, where as I work with $G(2,3) \cong \mathbb{CP}^2$.
Dec 8, 2020 at 9:00 history edited Ben McKay CC BY-SA 4.0
typo in tex
Dec 8, 2020 at 8:37 history answered Denis Nardin CC BY-SA 4.0