Here's an answer without familiarity with locales, which I started after reading Todd Trimble's answer (so his answer is the right one to accept).

Let $X$ be a $\mathsf{T}_1$ topological space, $\tau_X$ the lattice of open subsets, and $\Phi_X$ the opposite lattice, which identifies to the lattice of closed subsets. Let's reconstruct $X$ from $\Phi_X$.

Denote by $0$ "zero" the unique minimal element in $\Phi_X$. Let $\Phi_X^\min$ be the set of minimal elements in $\Phi_X\smallsetminus\{0\}$. Let $i$ be the map $x\mapsto\{x\}$. Since $X$ is $\mathsf{T}_1$, $i$ is a well-defined injective map $X\to\Phi_X$, and its image is exactly $\Phi_X^\min$. (This already retrieves the cardinal of $X$.)

Now we wish to retrieve the topology. Namely, I claim that for $K\subset\Phi_X^\min$, $i^{-1}(K)$ is closed if and only if there exists $F\in\Phi_X$ such that $K=\{Z\in\Phi_X:Z\le F\}$.

Indeed, suppose that $i^{-1}(K)$ is closed: define $F_K=i^{-1}(K)$ (so $K=i(F_K)$): then $\{Z\in\Phi_X:Z\le F_K\}=\{\{z\}:z\in F_K\}=i(F_K)=K$. Conversely, suppose $K=\{Z\in\Phi_X:Z\le F\}$ for some $F\in\Phi_X$. So $K=\{\{z\}:z\in F\}=i(F)$, so $i^{-1}(K)=F$ is closed.

Hence, for any $\mathsf{T}_1$ topological spaces $X,Y$, every isomorphism $\tau_X\to\tau_Y$ is induced by a unique homeomorphism $X\to Y$. This also shows that the automorphism group of $\Phi_X$ is canonically isomorphic to the self-homeomorphism group of $X$.

This works without assuming $X$ to be sober. For example, it applies for the cofinite topology, $\Phi_X$ consisting of $X$ and its finite subsets, which is non-sober as soon as $X$ is infinite. (Todd's answer also encompasses non-bijective maps, which I didn't address; soberness is then probably important. Also, there are non-$\mathsf{T}_1$ spaces.)

Here's an answer without familiarity with locales, which I started after reading Todd Trimble's answer (so his answer is the right one to accept).

Let $X$ be a $\mathsf{T}_1$ topological space, $\tau_X$ the lattice of open subsets, and $\Phi_X$ the opposite lattice, which identifies to the lattice of closed subsets. Let's reconstruct $X$ from $\Phi_X$.

Denote by $0$ "zero" the unique minimal element in $\Phi_X$. Let $\Phi_X^\min$ be the set of minimal elements in $\Phi_X\smallsetminus\{0\}$. Let $i$ be the map $x\mapsto\{x\}$. Since $X$ is $\mathsf{T}_1$, $i$ is a well-defined injective map $X\to\Phi_X$, and its image is exactly $\Phi_X^\min$. (This already retrieves the cardinal of $X$.)

Now we wish to retrieve the topology. Namely, I claim that for $K\subset\Phi_X^\min$, $i^{-1}(K)$ is closed if and only if there exists $F\in\Phi_X$ such that $K=\{Z\in\Phi_X^\min\,:\,Z\le F\}$.

Indeed, suppose that $i^{-1}(K)$ is closed: define $F_K=i^{-1}(K)$ (so $K=i(F_K)$): then $\{Z\in\Phi_X:Z\le F_K\}=\{\{z\}:z\in F_K\}=i(F_K)=K$. Conversely, suppose $K=\{Z\in\Phi_X:Z\le F\}$ for some $F\in\Phi_X$. So $K=\{\{z\}:z\in F\}=i(F)$, so $i^{-1}(K)=F$ is closed.

Hence, for any $\mathsf{T}_1$ topological spaces $X,Y$, every isomorphism $\tau_X\to\tau_Y$ is induced by a unique homeomorphism $X\to Y$. This also shows that the automorphism group of $\Phi_X$ is canonically isomorphic to the self-homeomorphism group of $X$.

This works without assuming $X$ to be sober. For example, it applies for the cofinite topology, $\Phi_X$ consisting of $X$ and its finite subsets, which is non-sober as soon as $X$ is infinite. (Todd's answer also encompasses non-bijective maps, which I didn't address; soberness is then probably important. Also, there are non-$\mathsf{T}_1$ sober spaces.)