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Sep 7, 2020 at 14:33 comment added Chris Godsil @Ugly Duckling: If you want to discuss this further, you can find my email address by googling.
Sep 7, 2020 at 1:43 comment added Ugly Duckling I think the answer is that trivially when there is an automorphism all properties of the vertex, including $P$, are carried over to its image. Then, other properties like (strong) regularity may play a role. I was also thinking of studying the distance matrices of these graphs to see if they have something in common...
Sep 7, 2020 at 1:30 comment added Ugly Duckling That's bad news. I was guided by the path graph, for which $P_i=P_{n-i+1}$, and of course this is consistent with the action of the path-reversing $\sigma$. Also, $P$ is constant over the symmetric cycle graph, and for every non-central vertex of the wheel or star graphs. However I saw that it fails for Frucht graphs, which are $3-$regular but asymmetric, and yet $P$ is constant. Could it actually just be a sufficient, but not necessary condition?
Sep 6, 2020 at 22:55 comment added Chris Godsil That will fail. Choose your graph to be strongly regular and asymmetric.
Sep 6, 2020 at 15:22 comment added Ugly Duckling I'm thinking of a more general version of the problem. Right now we have found a necessary condition for $P_i=P_j$, but I have reasons to conjecture that $P_i=P_j$ if and only if there exists $\sigma\in\text{Aut}(G)$ such that $\sigma(v_i)=v_j$ (which of course implies the two vertices have the same degree). I'm open to ideas for a proof... but of course not a complete answer!
Sep 6, 2020 at 12:03 vote accept Ugly Duckling
Sep 6, 2020 at 12:02 comment added Ugly Duckling Thank you very much, Chris. Your answer is pretty close to what I was building up to: the big difference is that I was trying to calculate directly $(L-E_j)^k$ (I got stuck there and even asked another question here). I missed the idea of taking the time derivative! [I am an undergraduate physicist doing some research in quantum computation theory, the problem comes from there :)]
Sep 6, 2020 at 3:01 history answered Chris Godsil CC BY-SA 4.0