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Jul 1, 2020 at 0:14 comment added R. van Dobben de Bruyn Another way to get the same bound: every element is contained in the subgroup it generates and in the whole group (and these are different if $G$ is not cyclic). (By double counting, $\sigma(G)/|G|$ is the average number of groups containing a given element. I haven't been able to put this method to any further use.)
Jun 29, 2020 at 14:54 history edited Geoff Robinson CC BY-SA 4.0
removed superfluous text
Jun 29, 2020 at 11:08 history edited Geoff Robinson CC BY-SA 4.0
typo
Jun 29, 2020 at 10:56 history edited Geoff Robinson CC BY-SA 4.0
typo
Jun 29, 2020 at 10:43 history edited Geoff Robinson CC BY-SA 4.0
typo
Jun 29, 2020 at 10:40 comment added Sebastien Palcoux Good! Your redaction can be shorten by writting: $G$ non-cyclic iff $G$ equals the union of its maximal subgroups (which share the trivial element). Then for $G$ non-cyclic, the sum of the order of its maximal subgroups must be greater than $|G|$, so that $\sigma(G) > 2|G|$ .
Jun 29, 2020 at 10:16 history answered Geoff Robinson CC BY-SA 4.0