There are such spaces, for example X = S^2 \times RP^3$X = S^2 \times \mathbb{R}P^3$, Y = S^3 \times RP^2.$Y = S^3 \times \mathbb{R}P^2.$ (These are both smooth and CW-complexes.)
Whitehead's Theorem says that for CW-complexes, if a map f : X \to Y$f : X \to Y$ induces an isomorphism on all homotopy groups then it is a homotopy equivalence. But, as the example above shows, you need the map. Such a map is called a weak homotopy equivalence.
(Whitehead's Theorem is not true for spaces wilder than CW-complexes. The Warsaw circle has all of its homotopy groups trivial but the unique map to a point is not a homotopy equivalence.)