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Sep 20, 2019 at 17:51 comment added nikola karabatic @Dmitry Pirozhkov: I still cannot see how it should be possible to define an obstruction without the splitting as input data. There might be many ways to split the cohomology, yielding different decompositions on homology, for example if all $\xi_i$ equal $0$. (Perhaps my fantasy is just too limited.)
Sep 20, 2019 at 17:49 comment added nikola karabatic fixed the indexing and @Jeremy Rickard: you are right that this was too complicated. I upvoted your answer.
Sep 20, 2019 at 17:48 history edited nikola karabatic CC BY-SA 4.0
added 42 characters in body
Sep 20, 2019 at 15:24 comment added Dmitry Pirozhkov As Jeremy Rickard said, in the case of homological dimension 2 this description becomes almost tautological: given a splitting $H^i = H^i_a \oplus H^i_b$, it produces a splitting of the complex if and only if $\xi_{i+1}$ factors through $H^i_a$ and $\xi_i$ factors through $H^i_b$. And that is more or less "the complex splits into a direct sum of two-term complexes". I would be more interested in an obstruction that doesn't start with a decomposition of a cohomology object. Intuitively the condition should be some "orthogonality" between glueing maps, but I don't know in which sense.
Sep 20, 2019 at 12:10 comment added Jeremy Rickard Sorry, in the previous comment $[-i-2]$ should be $[-i+1]$.
Sep 20, 2019 at 9:36 comment added Jeremy Rickard I'm a little confused by some of the indexing, but I think that the fact that $\mathcal{A}$ has homological dimension two significantly simplifies this, since then the map $H^{i+1}M[-i-1]\to\tau_{[i-1.i]}M[1]$ in your first distinguished triangle (I think you meant $H^{i+1}M$ to be shifted in degree?) is determined by a map $H^{i+1}M[-i-1]\to H^iM[-i-2]$ (which is exactly the element of $\text{Ext}^2(H^{i+1}M,H^iM)$ referred to in the question.
Sep 20, 2019 at 8:53 history answered nikola karabatic CC BY-SA 4.0