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Jul 20, 2019 at 17:25 comment added Riu Oh well then I'm sorry. I also meant no frames ..
Jul 20, 2019 at 16:30 comment added Georg Essl The very nature of differential forms is that they do not require a choice basis. One can find a projection onto a chosen basis, but this is neither required nor done in Chern's proof. Chern's proof also does not use coordinates in the sense of any substrate space where points in space can be identified by coordinates. Rather it uses Cartan's moving frames to traverse over the surface in question. As all that is needed is derived from the surface itself independent of any embedding, this is an intrinsic proof. If this does not answer your question you need to clarify how it doesn't.
Jul 20, 2019 at 16:21 comment added Riu Read the description ,I think we have a misunderstanding on what coordinate free is. I asked for a proof without basis vectors and coordinates.
Jul 20, 2019 at 14:25 review First posts
Jul 20, 2019 at 14:39
Jul 20, 2019 at 14:21 history answered Georg Essl CC BY-SA 4.0