Isoperimetric problem. Using clever geometric argument Steiner proved in 1838 that if there is a geometric figure of the highest area for a given perimeter, it must be a circle. However, it was only Blaschke in 1919 who showed the existence of such a figure.
By the way, Aknazar Kazhymurat's answer is approximately the Perron's joke about invalidity of Steiner's proof.