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Dec 2, 2010 at 12:18 comment added gowers @Stefan, there is no function from a non-empty set to the empty set. (Not even "the empty function".)
Dec 2, 2010 at 9:01 comment added Stefan Geschke @Tom Goodwillie: What is the problem with a function with empty domain? This is the empty function, which is 1-1, and its left inverse is the empty function itself (composition of the two functions is the identity on the epmty set, which is again the empty function).
Dec 2, 2010 at 1:00 comment added Joel David Hamkins It seems inaccurate to portray the logician's standard definition of function as an amusing failed attempt at precision. Although other definitions are also common, this particular definition is used with consistency and precision throughout logic and set theory and other areas, including introductory undergraduate texts. (There are no problematic issues with surjections, bijections or inverse functions.) The link in JBL's comment has further explanation.
Jul 14, 2010 at 6:22 comment added Harry Gindi @gowers: Many set theorists actually define a function this way.
Jul 12, 2010 at 22:58 history edited gowers CC BY-SA 2.5
Removed accidental repetition
Jul 12, 2010 at 15:36 comment added Tom Goodwillie In one undergraduate text on algebra the domain of a function is required to be nonempty. I think the author wrote this in order to be able to assert later on in the book that every one to one function has a left inverse.
Jul 12, 2010 at 12:19 comment added JBL There was a discussion of this point here very recently: mathoverflow.net/questions/30381/definition-of-function
Jul 12, 2010 at 7:09 history answered gowers CC BY-SA 2.5