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Jul 18, 2018 at 9:01 comment added Morteza Azad @MohammadGolshani Interesting thesis which partially serves as an expository paper on Kaplan-Shelah's result! Kheili Mamnun, Mohammad! :-)
Jul 18, 2018 at 5:39 vote accept Morteza Azad
Jul 18, 2018 at 3:00 comment added Mohammad Golshani You may also look at Automorphism towers and definability in generalized Baire spaces where details about the Kaplan-shelah's result and related theorems are proved.
Jul 17, 2018 at 15:50 comment added Morteza Azad (+1) While it is rather hard to believe that Simon's seemingly strong result is provable merely using $ZF$ but let's trust Itay, Saharon, and the anonymous referees of their paper, and take this fact for granted. I am inclined to push the acceptance button for this answer (to the question 1) right now, but maybe it is better to wait a little bit to see whether anything shows up for the question 2. Anyway, thanks for the useful reference, Asaf!
Jul 17, 2018 at 14:23 comment added Asaf Karagila @Burak: Ah, okay.
Jul 17, 2018 at 14:16 comment added Burak @AsafKaragila: Yes, the paper proves Simon's result without AC, so, this together with Joel's paper, which apparently not uses AC, answers the question. When I read Joel's comment, I mistakenly thought that Joel's 1998 proof of the full result did not use AC (since this paper of Shelah was written in 2009.) That's why I wanted to double check whether there was some way to avoid Simon's proof back then in Joel's 1998 paper.
Jul 17, 2018 at 14:11 comment added Joel David Hamkins My theorem is that for any group $G$, the tower eventually has a centerless group, and this does not use AC. I am interpreting Asaf's answer here to say that Simon's theorem can be proved for centerless groups without AC. In this case, the full termination theorem can be proved in ZF.
Jul 17, 2018 at 14:11 comment added Asaf Karagila @Burak: Have you read my answer and at least the abstract of the linked paper?
Jul 17, 2018 at 14:08 comment added Burak @JoelDavidHamkins: Joel, doesn't your proof reduce the general case to the centerless case? If so, Simon's proof, as far as I know, uses AC.
Jul 17, 2018 at 13:58 comment added Joel David Hamkins I think my proof does not use AC at all, and so from any group $G$ you get eventually (by the replacement axiom) a centerless group. So this seems to complete the proof in ZF.
Jul 17, 2018 at 13:52 history answered Asaf Karagila CC BY-SA 4.0