Andrew Newman just posted a preprint to the arXiv showing that the answer is doubly exponential in $n$.
In particular, he showed that the number of homotopy types of simplicial complexes on $n$ vertices is at least $$\exp \left( \exp \left( 0.004n \right) \right),$$ for all large enough $n$.
This matches the upper bound from Dedekind numbers, up to the constant $0.004$.
Newman's result depends on showing that this many different torsion subgroups are possible for homology in dimension $d$, where $d \approx c n$$d \approx \delta n$ for some small constant $c > 0$$\delta > 0$. The existence proof is partly constructive and partly depends on the probabilistic method.