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Nov 7, 2017 at 12:41 comment added Tobias Diez Well, it is kind of like in Chern-Weil theory. There you integrate the curvature over the 2-dimensional fundamental polygon. However, now that everything is discrete, this integral has to be replaced with the holonomy of the boundary curve. Now the "holonomy" is $\hat{\beta}$ and the boundary curve $J$. Admittedly, this reasoning is a bit heuristic but should give you a general idea (sorry, I don't have the time right now for a more detailed answer).
Nov 6, 2017 at 15:05 comment added YYF Actually, I asked this question exactly because I was reading Atiyah and Bott's paper. Therefore, could you explain why $\hat{\beta}(J)$ is the characteristic class of the bundle? They didn't offer many details actually.
Nov 6, 2017 at 12:12 history answered Tobias Diez CC BY-SA 3.0