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Number theory

Number theory

Mathematical origami

• Consider the standard square origami page, with vertices labeled $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$ from the upper-left, going clockwise. Fold along the horizontal axis at the middle of the paper to bring $a$ atop $d$ and $b$ atop $c$. Then fold the upper-right corner to the mid-point of the bottom edge. Now cut a vertical line across the figure 3/4 of the way from the left edge (and 1/4 of the way from the right edge). Discard the smaller portion. Unfold the paper. What, precisely, is its shape?

Einstein stated that he often explored and reasoned visually and spatially, and only after achieving understanding cast his insights into algebraic form. He could just "see" the answer. There are many mathematicians with extraordinary powers of mental visualization, even if they may not have been superb at symbol manipulation.

I'm interested in bona fide mathematical problems where one can visualize the answer, whether or not one later resorts to algebraic manipulation or proof. Certainly some mathematical disciplines are more amenable to the techniques of visualization (geometry, topology, ...) than others (number theory...). I'm not interested in the myriad problems posed from other fields, such as physics and chemistry, where the core problem is itself geometric, spatial or visual.

I'm interested in collecting problems in different branches of mathematics that are amenable to "purely visual" solution (or at least visual reasoning), even if formal proof may come later. Here are a few that come immediately to mind. I'll add such problems to the other subfields as I come across them. Of course the scale of these problems cannot be excessive (e.g., you cannot present a knot diagram with 1000 crossings and ask a student to visualize whether it is the trivial knot.)

My overall goal is to help students develop their mathematical visualization skills.

Knot theory

• Determining if a knot diagram describes the trivial knot
• Determining if two knots are related by a mirror symmetry
• Determining the number of components from a link diagram
• Assigning colors to segments in a tri-colorable knot diagram
• Determining which crossing can be changed to make a knot trivial
• Determining if a two-component link is separable
• Determining if two knot diagrams describe the same knot, as in this case:

Graph theory

• Determining if a graph (represented with arbitrary vertex locations) is in fact planar, e.g., this one:

Discrete group theory

• Determining if a particular symmetry of group operation transforms one given geometric figure to another

Geometry

• Determining the general shape of the intersection of two solids or surfaces (e.g., a plane and a cone)
• Determining the three-dimensional form (e.g., of a polyhedron) from a planar map of its faces e.g.: Which of these figures can be folded into a cube?

• Imagine a $3 \times 3 \times 3$ cube. Now pierce the cube with a $1 \times 1$ edge-aligned hole at the center of its top face through to the center of its bottom face (like an elevator shaft). Pierce the cube again with a similar shaft between the front and back faces. And yet again between the right and the left faces. How many faces, edges, and vertices does the final figure have? (Do this problem without sketching a figure.)

Number theory

Calculus

Linear algebra

Differential equations

Dynamical systems

Game theory

Topology

• State the winding number for each region in this figure.

Probability and statistics

Real analysis

Algebraic geometry

Complex analysis

Combinatorics

Fiber bundles and cobordism

Category theory

Einstein stated that he often explored and reasoned visually and spatially, and only after achieving understanding cast his insights into algebraic form. He could just "see" the answer. There are many mathematicians with extraordinary powers of mental visualization, even if they may not have been superb at symbol manipulation.

I'm interested in bona fide mathematical problems where one can visualize the answer, whether or not one later resorts to algebraic manipulation or proof. Certainly some mathematical disciplines are more amenable to the techniques of visualization (geometry, topology, ...) than others (number theory...). I'm not interested in the myriad problems posed from other fields, such as physics and chemistry, where the core problem is itself geometric, spatial or visual.

I'm interested in collecting problems in different branches of mathematics that are amenable to "purely visual" solution (or at least visual reasoning), even if formal proof may come later. Here are a few that come immediately to mind. I'll add such problems to the other subfields as I come across them. Of course the scale of these problems cannot be excessive (e.g., you cannot present a knot diagram with 1000 crossings and ask a student to visualize whether it is the trivial knot.)

My overall goal is to help students develop their mathematical visualization skills.

Knot theory

• Determining if a knot diagram describes the trivial knot
• Determining if two knots are related by a mirror symmetry
• Determining the number of components from a link diagram
• Assigning colors to segments in a tri-colorable knot diagram
• Determining which crossing can be changed to make a knot trivial
• Determining if a two-component link is separable
• Determining if two knot diagrams describe the same knot, as in this case:

Graph theory

• Determining if a graph (represented with arbitrary vertex locations) is in fact planar, e.g., this one:

Discrete group theory

• Determining if a particular symmetry of group operation transforms one given geometric figure to another

Geometry

• Determining the general shape of the intersection of two solids or surfaces (e.g., a plane and a cone)
• Determining the three-dimensional form (e.g., of a polyhedron) from a planar map of its faces e.g.: Which of these figures can be folded into a cube?

• Imagine a $3 \times 3 \times 3$ cube. Now pierce the cube with a $1 \times 1$ edge-aligned hole at the center of its top face through to the center of its bottom face (like an elevator shaft). Pierce the cube again with a similar shaft between the front and back faces. And yet again between the right and the left faces. How many faces, edges, and vertices does the final figure have? (Do this problem without sketching a figure.)

Number theory

Calculus

Linear algebra

Logic

Differential equations

Dynamical systems

Game theory

Topology

• State the winding number for each region in this figure.

Probability and statistics

Real analysis

Algebraic geometry

Complex analysis

Combinatorics

Fiber bundles and cobordism

Category theory

Einstein stated that he often explored and reasoned visually and spatially, and only after achieving understanding cast his insights into algebraic form. He could just "see" the answer. There are many mathematicians with extraordinary powers of mental visualization, even if they may not have been superb at symbol manipulation.

I'm interested in bona fide mathematical problems where one can visualize the answer, whether or not one later resorts to algebraic manipulation or proof. Certainly some mathematical disciplines are more amenable to the techniques of visualization (geometry, topology, ...) than others (number theory...). I'm not interested in the myriad problems posed from other fields, such as physics and chemistry, where the core problem is itself geometric, spatial or visual.

I'm interested in collecting problems in different branches of mathematics that are amenable to "purely visual" solution (or at least visual reasoning), even if formal proof may come later. Here are a few that come immediately to mind. I'll add such problems to the other subfields as I come across them. Of course the scale of these problems cannot be excessive (e.g., you cannot present a knot diagram with 1000 crossings and ask a student to visualize whether it is the trivial knot.)

My overall goal is to help students develop their mathematical visualization skills.

Knot theory

• Determining if a knot diagram describes the trivial knot
• Determining if two knots are related by a mirror symmetry
• Determining the number of components from a link diagram
• Assigning colors to segments in a tri-colorable knot diagram
• Determining which crossing can be changed to make a knot trivial
• Determining if a two-component link is separable
• Determining if two knot diagrams describe the same knot, as in this case:

Graph theory

• Determining if a graph (represented with arbitrary vertex locations) is in fact planar, e.g., this one:

Discrete group theory

• Determining if a particular symmetry of group operation transforms one given geometric figure to another

Geometry

• Determining the general shape of the intersection of two solids or surfaces (e.g., a plane and a cone)
• Determining the three-dimensional form (e.g., of a polyhedron) from a planar map of its faces e.g.: Which of these figures can be folded into a cube?

• Imagine a $3 \times 3 \times 3$ cube. Now pierce the cube with a $1 \times 1$ edge-aligned hole at the center of its top face through to the center of its bottom face (like an elevator shaft). Pierce the cube again with a similar shaft between the front and back faces. And yet again between the right and the left faces. How many faces, edges, and vertices does the final figure have? (Do this problem without sketching a figure.)

Number theory

Calculus

Linear algebra

Differential equations

Dynamical systems

Game theory

Probability and statistics

Real analysis

Algebraic geometry

Complex analysis

Combinatorics

Fiber bundles and cobordism

Category theory

Einstein stated that he often explored and reasoned visually and spatially, and only after achieving understanding cast his insights into algebraic form. He could just "see" the answer. There are many mathematicians with extraordinary powers of mental visualization, even if they may not have been superb at symbol manipulation.

I'm interested in bona fide mathematical problems where one can visualize the answer, whether or not one later resorts to algebraic manipulation or proof. Certainly some mathematical disciplines are more amenable to the techniques of visualization (geometry, topology, ...) than others (number theory...). I'm not interested in the myriad problems posed from other fields, such as physics and chemistry, where the core problem is itself geometric, spatial or visual.

I'm interested in collecting problems in different branches of mathematics that are amenable to "purely visual" solution (or at least visual reasoning), even if formal proof may come later. Here are a few that come immediately to mind. I'll add such problems to the other subfields as I come across them. Of course the scale of these problems cannot be excessive (e.g., you cannot present a knot diagram with 1000 crossings and ask a student to visualize whether it is the trivial knot.)

My overall goal is to help students develop their mathematical visualization skills.

Knot theory

• Determining if a knot diagram describes the trivial knot
• Determining if two knots are related by a mirror symmetry
• Determining the number of components from a link diagram
• Assigning colors to segments in a tri-colorable knot diagram
• Determining which crossing can be changed to make a knot trivial
• Determining if a two-component link is separable
• Determining if two knot diagrams describe the same knot, as in this case:

Graph theory

• Determining if a graph (represented with arbitrary vertex locations) is in fact planar, e.g., this one:

Discrete group theory

• Determining if a particular symmetry of group operation transforms one given geometric figure to another

Geometry

• Determining the general shape of the intersection of two solids or surfaces (e.g., a plane and a cone)
• Determining the three-dimensional form (e.g., of a polyhedron) from a planar map of its faces e.g.: Which of these figures can be folded into a cube?

• Imagine a $3 \times 3 \times 3$ cube. Now pierce the cube with a $1 \times 1$ edge-aligned hole at the center of its top face through to the center of its bottom face (like an elevator shaft). Pierce the cube again with a similar shaft between the front and back faces. And yet again between the right and the left faces. How many faces, edges, and vertices does the final figure have? (Do this problem without sketching a figure.)

Number theory

Calculus

Linear algebra

Differential equations

Dynamical systems

Game theory

Topology

• State the winding number for each region in this figure.

Probability and statistics

Real analysis

Algebraic geometry

Complex analysis

Combinatorics

Fiber bundles and cobordism

Category theory