I'm not sure exactly which kind of proof you're looking for, but a proof by induction using Gröbner bases is presented in Chapter 15 of Eisenbud's Commutative Algebra, see Corollary 15.11 specifically.
There's also a more abstract homological proof in Chapter 19, see this related question: Best exposition of the Proof of the Hilbert Syzygy Theorem by Eilenberg-CartanBest exposition of the Proof of the Hilbert Syzygy Theorem by Eilenberg-Cartan
The first proof is closer in spirit with Hilbert's original proof.