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The question directly asked, the density of the reciprocal of the squares, remains unanswered. Paul Monsky has introduced a new (to me, at least) approach, and has made striking progress both in the answer below and in his answer to this question.

The question directly asked, the density of the reciprocal of the squares, remains unanswered. Paul Monsky has introduced a new (to me, at least) approach, and has made striking progress both in the answer below and in his answer to this question.

There is a unique set $B$ of nonnegative integers such that every positive integer can be written in the form $$b + s^2, b\in B, s\ge0$$ in an even number of ways.

There is a unique nonempty set $B$ of nonnegative integers such that every positive integer can be written in the form $$b + s^2, b\in B, s\ge0$$ in an even number of ways.

Here are some computational counts of the number of elements of $B\cap[0,2^{23}]$ in particular congruence classes.

(1 mod 4, 371867), (3 mod 4, 760697)
(1 mod 8, 185336), (5 mod 8, 186531), (3 mod 8, 294045), (7 mod 8, 466652)
(1 mod 16, 92703), (5 mod 16, 93236), (9 mod 16, 92633), (13 mod 16, 93295),
(3 mod 16, 147232), (11 mod 16, 146813),
(7 mod 16, 204808), (15 mod 16, 261844)
(7 mod 32, 102487), (23 mod 32, 102321), 
(15 mod 32, 130895), (31 mod 32, 130949)

Since there was a specific request for 15 mod 32 data, here are the first 10 such numbers in $B$: (47,79,271,559,623,687,719,815,879,911). Here are the last 10 that I've computed: (8388539, 8388551, 8388559, 8388563, 8388567, 8388571, 8388581, 8388591, 8388593, 8388603, 8388607)