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Apr 27, 2017 at 7:17 comment added Xiaoyu He Not too much to add to that answer - essentially what it shows is such a set $S_x$ will have long arithmetic progressions of common difference $d$ iff $xd$ is very close to an integer, and the length will be inversely proportional to how close this is. In particular the example $x=\phi$ should be best possible up to constants with $\{xd\} \ge d^{-1}$ by standard Diophantine approximation results, and so $d_{\ell}$ growing linearly in $\ell$ is best possible using this construction.
Apr 27, 2017 at 3:38 comment added Andy Thanks! The link you gave suggests the following idea which is quite intuitive. If $x\in [0,1]$ is irrational, let $S = \{n\in \mathbb{Z}: xn-\lfloor xn \rfloor\in [0, 1/2]\}$. Then this clearly has the property I want. How fast can one make the function $\ell\to d_\ell$ grow?
Apr 27, 2017 at 3:35 vote accept Andy
Apr 27, 2017 at 3:34 vote accept Andy
Apr 27, 2017 at 3:35
Apr 27, 2017 at 2:13 history undeleted Xiaoyu He
Apr 27, 2017 at 2:12 history edited Xiaoyu He CC BY-SA 3.0
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Apr 27, 2017 at 1:31 history deleted Xiaoyu He via Vote
Apr 27, 2017 at 1:31 history answered Xiaoyu He CC BY-SA 3.0