For a vector $v$ of length $2^{n-2}$, denote by $v'$ the "mirrored" vector $J_{n-1}v$. If $v$ is an eigenvector of $B_{n-1}$ for the eigenvalue $\lambda$, then $B_n\binom v{\pm v'}=(\lambda\pm b_n)\binom v{\pm v'}$. So this gives you all the eigenvalues of $B_n$ as the sums $ b_1\pm\cdots\pm b_n$ (note that $ b_1$ never has a "$-$" sign) and the eigenvectors as a certain subset (respecting the dyadically recursive structure) of the set of all vectors $ (1,\pm1,...,\pm 1)$ where an even number of minus signs is used.
The determinant is: $\det(B_n)=\prod(b_1\pm b_2\pm\cdots\pm b_n)$.