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May 21, 2016 at 18:56 comment added Robert Bryant @YCor: Further, taking $f_a(t) = 1$, one can solve $f'_b(t) = c(t)$ for any given polynomial $c(t)$ to get a polynomial $f_b(t)$, so not bounding the degrees makes the problem trivial.
May 21, 2016 at 17:34 comment added Robert Bryant @YCor: No, that doesn't happen. For example, if $f_a(t) = 1 + \tfrac13t^4$ and $f_b(t) = -t$, then one has $$f_{ab}(t) = t^4-1.$$
May 21, 2016 at 12:05 comment added YCor If $c=c_0+\dots+c_4t^4$ is as above with $12c_0c_4-3c_1c_3+c_2^2<0$ (for instance, $c=t^4-1$) do you know if it still holds that $c$ does not belong to the image for any $n\ge 3$?
May 21, 2016 at 11:53 history edited Robert Bryant CC BY-SA 3.0
Added a sketch of a proof
May 21, 2016 at 11:46 history answered Robert Bryant CC BY-SA 3.0