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May 7, 2016 at 11:08 comment added Joel David Hamkins Ah, sorry I had misunderstood. But the idea is similar for that case. As Emil explains in his comment, you can prove that every binary relation $R$ has a transitive closure, simply by saying $x$ is related to $y$, if there is a finite path from $x$ to $y$ through $R$. This new relation is transitive, and it is the smallest transitive relation containing $R$.
May 7, 2016 at 7:37 comment added L. C. Thanks for the detailed answer. I do not however see (maybe this is obvious) how from this I get a refutation to the statement I mentioned. I was referring to the transitive closure of binary relations.
May 6, 2016 at 23:45 history answered Joel David Hamkins CC BY-SA 3.0