Finite geometry: The Bruck-Ryser-Chowla Theorem. If a finite projective plane of order q exists and q is congruent to 1 or 2 (mod 4), then q must be the sum of two squares.
BRC also has the distinction of being the la(te)st non-trivial theorem in finte geometry/design theory, as it's been the beststrongest result on existence of projective planes/designs ofsymmetric designs for a given orderclass of orders q for the past 60 years.