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Feb 23, 2016 at 12:42 history edited Joel David Hamkins CC BY-SA 3.0
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Feb 23, 2016 at 12:36 comment added Szymon Toruńczyk I think it's good to leave this answer, as it makes perfect sense, but only solves a part of the problem. This is in accordance with this suggestion: meta.mathoverflow.net/questions/2323/….
Feb 23, 2016 at 11:56 comment added Joel David Hamkins Vote up this comment if I should delete the answer.
Feb 23, 2016 at 11:56 comment added Joel David Hamkins @AlexKruckman Yes, you are right. This answer applies only to quotients of $\mathbb{N}$, rather than of $\mathbb{N}^d$, and so it doesn't answer the question.
Feb 23, 2016 at 6:14 comment added Alex Kruckman On each piece, there is a subset $I\subseteq \{1,\dots,d\}$ of relevant coordinates and a subgroup $\Sigma$ of the group of permutations of $I$ such that $x\sim y$ if and only if $\bigvee_{\sigma\in\Sigma} \bigwedge_{i\in I} x_i = y_{\sigma(i)}$. It should be straightforward to computably put the definitions of $X$ and $\sim$ into this normal form.
Feb 23, 2016 at 6:13 comment added Alex Kruckman In trying to make a direct approach like this work, it might be useful to note the following characterization of definable equivalence relations in the language of pure equality: Let $A$ be a finite set of parameters, let $X\subseteq \mathbb{N}^d$ be an $A$-definable set, and let $\sim$ be an $A$-definable equivalence relation on $X$. Among the $d$-tuples in $X$, finitely many complete types over $A$ are realized (by QE, these are determined by equalities $x_i = x_j$ and $x_i = a$ with $a\in A$), so $X$ splits into finitely many pieces, one for each type.
Feb 23, 2016 at 6:02 comment added Alex Kruckman Your answer assumes that the domain of the interpretation is a quotient of a definable subset of $\mathbb{N}$, but in general it might be a quotient of a definable subset of $\mathbb{N}^d$. This makes the question less trivial.
Feb 23, 2016 at 4:00 history undeleted Joel David Hamkins
Feb 23, 2016 at 4:00 history edited Joel David Hamkins CC BY-SA 3.0
This answer answers the question; my previous answer had mis-interpreted the question
Feb 23, 2016 at 2:54 history edited Joel David Hamkins CC BY-SA 3.0
deleted 784 characters in body
Feb 23, 2016 at 2:53 history deleted Joel David Hamkins via Vote
Feb 23, 2016 at 2:46 history answered Joel David Hamkins CC BY-SA 3.0