The answer is yes, see Rudyak's paper Piecewise linear structures on topological manifolds, Examples 21.4:
There are topological manifolds that can be triangulated as simplicial complexes but do not admit any PL structure.
Such examples exist in fact in any dimension $n \geq 5$, and are of the form $$M_k=V \times T^k, \quad k \geq 1,$$ where $V$ is the famous $E_8$-manifold constructed by FriedmanFreedman. See Theorem 7.2 and Corollary 7.4 in the quoted paper.
It is worth remarking that the $4$-manifold $V$ is not triangulable as a simplicial complex. However, by the work of Siebenmann and others, it is known that every orientable topological 5-dimensional closed manifold can be triangulated as a simplicial complex, see Theorem 21.5. This implies that $M_1= V \times S^1$ is triangulable, so $M_k=M_1 \times T^{k-1}$ is triangulable for all $k \geq 1$.