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Jan 19, 2010 at 16:59 comment added Kevin Buzzard "do we care about the values of zeta (and other L-functions) to the left of the critical strip?" Absolutely! The values of the zeta function at negative integers are rationals, and hence make sense as p-adic numbers. Furthermore, for n negative, the map sending n to zeta(n) is p-adically continuous (for n in a fixed congruence class mod p-1) and so we can define a p-adic zeta function! p-adic L-functions have been used to e.g. prove Leopoldt's conjecture for abelian extensions of the rationals. However pi isn't a p-adic number and so this trick wouldn't work if we only restricted to +ve vals.
Jan 15, 2010 at 16:57 comment added Anweshi Tate's thesis gives a nice explanation of the prime factors and the Gamma function in the functional equation for Dedekind zeta functions. We wouldn't have that nice explanation without a functional equation.
Jan 15, 2010 at 16:07 comment added Noah Snyder This technique is originally due to Euler in his paper on the functional equation of the zeta function (note no notion of complex analysis yet!).
Oct 23, 2009 at 15:20 comment added engelbrekt You can easily get the analytic continuation to the whole complex plane, strip by strip, by repeatedly integrating by parts in the representation obtained from the Euler-Maclaurin formula.
Oct 23, 2009 at 12:31 history answered David E Speyer CC BY-SA 2.5