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May 26, 2015 at 5:31 comment added Andy Putman @JosephO'Rourke: Thanks for the compliment! My writing backlog is embarrassingly long right now, but I'll think about think about turning this into a brief paper at some point.
May 25, 2015 at 17:09 comment added Joseph O'Rourke Your proof would make a nice paper for e.g., the American Mathematical Monthly or its equivalent, in case you are so inclined :-).
May 25, 2015 at 11:48 vote accept Joseph O'Rourke
May 25, 2015 at 2:24 comment added Andy Putman @JosephO'Rourke: By the way, here's one way to think about the conditions. The "local" condition ensures that we can find a surface with boundary $A$ (either an annulus or a Mobius band) containing $\gamma$ such that $\gamma$ is a geodesic on $A$. The remaining conditions ensure that $A$ can be extended to a sphere. Those conditions are not needed when the set $U$ I define is not dense since in that case there is freedom in choosing $A$, so we can choose it to extend to a sphere.
May 25, 2015 at 2:21 comment added Andy Putman @JosephO'Rourke : I just edited the answer to include a summary. I give necessary and sufficient conditions for the sphere to exist. These conditions are not necessarily satisfied when $\gamma''$ never vanishes.
May 25, 2015 at 2:20 history edited Andy Putman CC BY-SA 3.0
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May 24, 2015 at 22:59 comment added Joseph O'Rourke Because (a) of the iterative nature of your answer, and (b) my lack of understanding of your linking-number obstruction (not your fault---my limitations), I am left unclear on the status of the answer. Is it the case that if $\gamma''$ never vanishes, it is a geodesic on a genus-zero surface? Has the (most generalized) question been answered completely? I.e., have you isolated necessary and sufficient conditions, or are there still pockets to explore?
May 23, 2015 at 17:19 comment added Joseph O'Rourke :-) $\mbox{}\mbox{}$
May 23, 2015 at 17:19 comment added Andy Putman @JosephO'Rourke: Thanks for posting this lovely problem, by the way! Solving it was a fun way of procrastinating on some very boring administrative work...
May 23, 2015 at 17:18 comment added Andy Putman @IgorRivin: In my edit, I explain briefly why this is not a problem.
May 23, 2015 at 17:17 comment added Andy Putman @DavidSpeyer: Good point! I was very tired and thought I had an argument for this, but I was wrong. And in fact there are even more obstructions even if it is an annulus. I deleted the comment and edited things to discuss the new obstructions.
May 23, 2015 at 17:16 history edited Andy Putman CC BY-SA 3.0
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May 23, 2015 at 16:46 comment added Igor Rivin It is also not completely clear that the union of the two disks is an embedded surface (it seems plausible, but far from obvious, that you can separate them).
May 23, 2015 at 11:29 comment added Joseph O'Rourke Very clever and surprising construction, arranging a discontinuity in the normals at a $\gamma''=0$ point. So it seems the answer is Yes if $\gamma''$ never vanishes. (Apologies for misspelling your name!)
May 23, 2015 at 11:21 comment added David E Speyer Also, nice answer!
May 23, 2015 at 11:20 comment added David E Speyer It seems to me that, even if the surface exists locally, it might be a Mobius strip rather than an annulus. Of course, in this case, $\gamma''$ must still vanish somewhere, as otherwise it would provide a choice of normal direction. For example, take a Mobius strip in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and take a geodesic on it realizing a generator of $\pi_1$.
May 23, 2015 at 5:29 history answered Andy Putman CC BY-SA 3.0