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Apr 27, 2015 at 1:09 comment added Will Sawin @DouglasZare For any such function, pullback by $O(n)$ gives another such function. So the space of such functions is a representation of $O(n)$, and because continuous functions decompose into spherical harmonics, this will decompose into different irreducible representations of $O(n)$. So you just have to test the different spherical harmonics.
Apr 26, 2015 at 23:15 comment added Douglas Zare With the axiom of choice, there are lots of discontinuous automorphisms of $\mathbb{R}$. However, it might be feasible to classify the continuous functions $S^{n-1} \to \mathbb{R}$ satisfying the condition. Are they all in the closure of the linear combinations of constants and Cranch's functions?
Apr 26, 2015 at 22:51 comment added Francesco Polizzi What do you mean by "generate"? The abelian group $A$ is not fixed. For instance, if $f \colon S^{n-1} \to \mathbb{R}$ is any function satisfying your property, then we can construct another function $g \colon S^{n-1} \to S^1$ by setting $g(x) = e^{if(x)}$, where $S^1 \subset \mathbb{C}$ is seen as a subgroup of the abelian multiplicative group $\mathbb{C}^*$.
Apr 26, 2015 at 21:19 comment added Tom Goodwillie That's what I want to know now.
Apr 26, 2015 at 21:13 comment added Douglas Zare Do these and constants generate all such functions?
Apr 26, 2015 at 21:12 comment added James Cranch Oh, I did! I'll also be passing it on to others.
Apr 26, 2015 at 21:09 comment added Tom Goodwillie James, I hope you enjoyed it. It's such an attractive and edifying answer, too.
Apr 26, 2015 at 21:05 vote accept Tom Goodwillie
Apr 26, 2015 at 21:03 comment added James Cranch I sometimes wish MathOverflow was the kind of forum where one could just say "Great question! Ask your best undergraduates: they'll enjoy telling you how to do it more than I would."
Apr 26, 2015 at 20:44 history answered James Cranch CC BY-SA 3.0