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Joel David Hamkins
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The Gödel-Rosser sentence $R$ for $\text{ZFC}$ is an arithmetic assertion, such that $\text{ZFC}$ is equiconsistent with $\text{ZFC}+R$ and with $\text{ZFC}+\neg R$. So the Rosser sentence does not increase consistency strength. Since arithmetic assertions are preserved by forcing, one cannot use forcing directly to prove the independence of $R$.

Another example would be $\neg\text{Con}(ZFC)$, since $\text{ZFC}$ is equiconsistent with $\text{ZFC}+\neg\text{Con}(\text{ZFC})$, and so this doesn't increase consistency strength. (the theory $\text{ZFC}+\text{Con}(\text{ZFC})$, in contrast, does have strictly higher consistency strength). So this is an arithmetic assertion that is independent of $\text{ZFC}$, assuming that $\text{ZFC}$ is consistent, but this is not possible to prove in any direct way by forcing, since forcing does not affect arithmetic truth.

The Gödel-Rosser sentence $R$ for $\text{ZFC}$ is an arithmetic assertion, such that $\text{ZFC}$ is equiconsistent with $\text{ZFC}+R$ and with $\text{ZFC}+\neg R$. So the Rosser sentence does not increase consistency strength. Since arithmetic assertions are preserved by forcing, one cannot use forcing directly to prove the independence of $R$.

The Gödel-Rosser sentence $R$ for $\text{ZFC}$ is an arithmetic assertion, such that $\text{ZFC}$ is equiconsistent with $\text{ZFC}+R$ and with $\text{ZFC}+\neg R$. So the Rosser sentence does not increase consistency strength. Since arithmetic assertions are preserved by forcing, one cannot use forcing directly to prove the independence of $R$.

Another example would be $\neg\text{Con}(ZFC)$, since $\text{ZFC}$ is equiconsistent with $\text{ZFC}+\neg\text{Con}(\text{ZFC})$, and so this doesn't increase consistency strength. (the theory $\text{ZFC}+\text{Con}(\text{ZFC})$, in contrast, does have strictly higher consistency strength). So this is an arithmetic assertion that is independent of $\text{ZFC}$, assuming that $\text{ZFC}$ is consistent, but this is not possible to prove in any direct way by forcing, since forcing does not affect arithmetic truth.

Source Link
Joel David Hamkins
  • 236.5k
  • 44
  • 777
  • 1.4k

The Gödel-Rosser sentence $R$ for $\text{ZFC}$ is an arithmetic assertion, such that $\text{ZFC}$ is equiconsistent with $\text{ZFC}+R$ and with $\text{ZFC}+\neg R$. So the Rosser sentence does not increase consistency strength. Since arithmetic assertions are preserved by forcing, one cannot use forcing directly to prove the independence of $R$.