With respect to the updated question: yes, there are other cohomology theories. For example, if $H$ is ordinary sheaf cohomology, then we can define a new sheaf cohomology theory $K$ by $K^q({\cal F}) = H^q({\cal F}) \times H^{q+1}({\cal F})$$K^q({\cal F}) = H^q({\cal F}) \times H^{q-1}({\cal F})$. (This is a special instance of a hypercohomology construction which is genuinely important in some areas.)
With respect to the original question: A. Grothendieck, "Sur quelques points d’algèbre homologique" (the Tohoku paper); Cartan-Eilenberg, "Homological algebra".