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Dec 27, 2014 at 20:06 vote accept Lennart Meier
Dec 4, 2014 at 7:53 comment added eric I've just noticed that you're demanding that the deformation theory is controlled by a 1-dimensional p-divisible group in your question -- so you can rule out e.g. Siegel modular varieties (in general) -- you want to look at the unitary Shimura varieties used to great effect by people like Harris and Taylor in their orange book. These are higher-dimensional but their deformation theory is still controlled by a 1-dimensional p-divisible group (and sometimes they're even compact, so life is wonderful).
Dec 4, 2014 at 7:50 comment added eric In my mind, one key difference in the arithmetic when you leave the world of Shimura curves defined as above, is that when considering higher-dimensional Shimura varieties parametrising abelian varieties plus (blah), if the associated formal groups in characteristic p aren't one-dimensional then it's much harder to give a well-behaved notion of a level structure at p -- Drinfelds trick as explained in Katz-Mazur in the elliptic curve case does not work. A key difference in the geometry is compactification -- the story is far more complicated when one leaves the world of curves.
Dec 4, 2014 at 0:45 answer added Tyler Lawson timeline score: 20
Dec 3, 2014 at 21:45 comment added anon Most of what you ask for (except the equations) holds for all Shimura varieties of PEL-type, of which there are many examples. See the comprehensive book Arithmetic Compactifications of PEL-Type Shimura Varieties Kai-Wen Lan. You haven't needed adeles because you have only looked connected Shimura varieties.
Dec 3, 2014 at 21:14 comment added Dylan Wilson en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_modular_surface , en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_modular_surface
Dec 3, 2014 at 20:49 history asked Lennart Meier CC BY-SA 3.0