Of course, this is a very subjective question, but I would tend to use "Theorem" only for a statement which has genuine content (whether my own, or one I am citing) and which I wouldn't expect the reader to be able to prove immediately. Usually a paper shouldn't have many of these, probably no more than one per section.

"Proposition" I would use after having given a definition, when showing that some fairly straightforward (but not completely obvious) consequence holds; for instance showing that some linear subspace of functions is actually a subalgebra. This is probably close to how you said you use "claim", although I suppose the difference is that you can propose something somewhat out of the blue following a definition, while "claim" is usually directly related to some logical structure which is already moving forward.

So I make the distinction that Proposition is something that the reader, if so inclined, could easily prove for themselves once they understand the definition. It highlights a result that could just as well have been stated in plain text, emphasizing that while it may be straightforward to prove, it is nevertheless worthy of note.

Of course, this is a very subjective question, but I would tend to use "Theorem" only for a statement which has genuine content (whether my own, or one I am citing) and which I wouldn't expect the reader to be able to prove themselves fairly easily. Usually a paper shouldn't have many of these, probably no more than one per section.

"Proposition" I would use after having given a definition, when showing that some fairly straightforward (but not completely obvious) consequence holds; for instance showing that some linear subspace of functions is actually a subalgebra. This is probably close to how you said you use "claim", although I suppose the difference is that you can propose something somewhat out of the blue following a definition, while "claim" is usually directly related to some logical structure which is already moving forward, say to highlight a point midway through the proof of a theorem.

So I make the distinction that Proposition is something that the reader, if so inclined, could easily prove for themselves once they understand the definition. It highlights a result that could just as well have been stated in plain text, emphasizing that while it may be straightforward to prove, it is nevertheless worthy of note.