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Sep 1, 2014 at 20:39 history edited David E Speyer CC BY-SA 3.0
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Aug 31, 2014 at 20:12 comment added Will Sawin For your Q2, I think it's sum over $p$ dividing $k$ of $\phi(p^r)$, where $r$ is the highest power of $p$ dividing $k$, except if $p=2$ and $r=1$ in which case you can ignore that term. This is because you have to include each prime power, and multiplying them multiplies their $\phi$, but adding is always less than multiplying when you're multiplying things at least $2$.
Aug 31, 2014 at 13:12 history edited David E Speyer CC BY-SA 3.0
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Aug 31, 2014 at 11:49 history answered David E Speyer CC BY-SA 3.0