A major 19th century result is the general Uniformization theorem: Every simply connected Riemann surface is conformally equivalent either to the plane or to the unit disc or to the sphere. There were improvements of the proof, and many different proofs, but simplifications are not "dramatic". It is still difficult to include a complete proof in a graduate course, unless the large part of the course is dedicated to this single theorem.
See also this MO question: Uniformization theorem for Riemann surfacesUniformization theorem for Riemann surfaces