There is a well-known formula for these structure constants using character theory. It has a slightly different form to the one you write down (which doesn't look right to me), and you can find it as Exercise (3.9) of Isaacs' Character Theory of Finite Groups.
You can findI have an electronic versione-version of this book hereso, if you want a copy, email me. For the record, it's one of my favourite maths books ever.