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Sep 5, 2015 at 11:33 comment added Allen Knutson The version I'd heard (possibly due to Mazur?) of Mariano's argument was about $K^\times/\mathbb R^\times$, the sphere (rather than projective space). If $K > \mathbb R$, then this sphere is a compact connected abelian group, hence (by their classification) a torus. But for $\dim K > 2$ spheres are simply connected hence not tori. Unfortunately this doesn't show the uniqueness of $\mathbb C$.
Aug 20, 2015 at 23:51 comment added ParaH2 @MarianoSuárez-Alvarez I'm still laughing !! :)
Jan 30, 2013 at 22:54 comment added Johannes Ebert @Ryan: yes, in a sense it is a nice proof. Lefschetz fixed point theorem is a hard result, which depends either on Poincare duality or on simplicial approximation. Most topological proofs I know are considerably more elementary (and use the topology of the complex plane, which is more obviously related to the problem than self-maps of $CP^n$).
Dec 30, 2012 at 5:35 comment added Ryan Reich This is a perfectly good proof, and is it so much more sophisticated than any of the others? Many of the favorite proofs of this theorem are similarly topological.
Dec 21, 2012 at 20:04 comment added Mariano Suárez-Álvarez A slightly different approach is to suppose there is a finite extension $K/\mathbb C$. Then $P(K)$, the projectivisation of $K$ as a complex vector space is a compact abelian Lie group (with multiplication induced by that of the group $K^\times$). Such a thing must be a torus, so its $H^1$ is not zero. Yet it is a complex projective space, and one easily sees that its $H^1$ is zero.
Dec 21, 2012 at 19:13 history answered Johannes Ebert CC BY-SA 3.0