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edited Jun 22, 2012 at 17:33

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I think (assuming that B is fairly dense) only an epsilon of Type II information is needed to detect primes, but then one needs very good Type I information (with M allowed to become very close to x). For instance, if one takes Vaughan's identity

$$\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n) = \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_b \mu(a) \log(b) f(ab) - \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_{b \leq V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc) $$ $$ + \sum_{a > U} \sum_{b > V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc)$$

for any $U,V$ and $f$ supported on the region $n > V$, then by selecting $U := x^{3/4-\beta}$, $V := x^{1/4}$ and $f(n) := (1_A(n) - \lambda 1_B(n)) 1_{n > V}$, Vaughan's identity expresses $\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n)$ in terms of Type I sums up to level $x^{1-\beta}$ and Type II sums in the regime you suggested. The idea to make the Type I sums do almost all the work is quite useful, for instance in Bombieri's asymptotic sieve. (I also used it recently to establish that every odd number is expressible as the sum of at most five primes.) Of course this only works when one has extremely good equidistribution information on A, which either requires A to be very "smooth" or to assume some powerful equidistribution hypothesis, such as the Elliot-Halberstam conjecture. There's no free lunch in this business!

But I doubt that one can get by if one only has an epsilon of Type II information and if the Type I information is limited to some level well below x, such as $x^{3/4}$; somehow one is not covering enough cases to control any reasonable divisor sum expansion (whether of Vaughan type or otherwise). But I don't have an explicit counterexample at hand, but it should be something like a set A which is biased with respect to a weight function such as $w(n) := \sum_{a \sim x^{0.8}; b \sim x^{0.1}; ab|n} \mu(a) \Lambda(b)$ (which vanishes at primes, and so allows for A to have an anomalous prime count) but which obeys all the Type I and Type II axioms one is assuming (note that one should need Type I information at level $x^{0.9}$, or Type II information with $[\alpha,\alpha+\beta]$ containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.8, or 0.9, in order to detect the correlation with w).

I think (assuming that B is fairly dense) only an epsilon of Type II information is needed to detect primes, but then one needs very good Type I information (with M allowed to become very close to x). For instance, if one takes Vaughan's identity

$$\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n) = \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_b \mu(a) \log(b) f(ab) - \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_{b \leq V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc) $$ $$ + \sum_{a > U} \sum_{b > V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc)$$

for any $U,V$ and $f$ supported on the region $n > V$, then by selecting $U := x^{3/4-\beta}$, $V := x^{1/4}$ and $f(n) := (1_A(n) - \lambda 1_B(n)) 1_{n > V}$, Vaughan's identity expresses $\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n)$ in terms of Type I sums up to level $x^{1-\beta}$ and Type II sums in the regime you suggested. The idea to make the Type I sums do almost all the work is quite useful, for instance in Bombieri's asymptotic sieve. (I also used it recently to establish that every odd number is expressible as the sum of at most five primes.) Of course this only works when one has extremely good equidistribution information on A, which either requires A to be very "smooth" or to assume some powerful equidistribution hypothesis, such as the Elliot-Halberstam conjecture.

But I doubt that one can get by if one only has an epsilon of Type II information and if the Type I information is limited to some level well below x, such as $x^{3/4}$; somehow one is not covering enough cases to control any reasonable divisor sum expansion (whether of Vaughan type or otherwise). But I don't have an explicit counterexample at hand, but it should be something like a set A which is biased with respect to a weight function such as $w(n) := \sum_{a \sim x^{0.8}; b \sim x^{0.1}; ab|n} \mu(a) \Lambda(b)$ (which vanishes at primes, and so allows for A to have an anomalous prime count) but which obeys all the Type I and Type II axioms one is assuming (note that one should need Type I information at level $x^{0.9}$, or Type II information with $[\alpha,\alpha+\beta]$ containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.8, or 0.9, in order to detect the correlation with w).

I think (assuming that B is fairly dense) only an epsilon of Type II information is needed to detect primes, but then one needs very good Type I information (with M allowed to become very close to x). For instance, if one takes Vaughan's identity

$$\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n) = \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_b \mu(a) \log(b) f(ab) - \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_{b \leq V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc) $$ $$ + \sum_{a > U} \sum_{b > V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc)$$

for any $U,V$ and $f$ supported on the region $n > V$, then by selecting $U := x^{3/4-\beta}$, $V := x^{1/4}$ and $f(n) := (1_A(n) - \lambda 1_B(n)) 1_{n > V}$, Vaughan's identity expresses $\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n)$ in terms of Type I sums up to level $x^{1-\beta}$ and Type II sums in the regime you suggested. The idea to make the Type I sums do almost all the work is quite useful, for instance in Bombieri's asymptotic sieve. (I also used it recently to establish that every odd number is expressible as the sum of at most five primes.) Of course this only works when one has extremely good equidistribution information on A, which either requires A to be very "smooth" or to assume some powerful equidistribution hypothesis, such as the Elliot-Halberstam conjecture. There's no free lunch in this business!

But I doubt that one can get by if one only has an epsilon of Type II information and if the Type I information is limited to some level well below x, such as $x^{3/4}$; somehow one is not covering enough cases to control any reasonable divisor sum expansion (whether of Vaughan type or otherwise). But I don't have an explicit counterexample at hand, but it should be something like a set A which is biased with respect to a weight function such as $w(n) := \sum_{a \sim x^{0.8}; b \sim x^{0.1}; ab|n} \mu(a) \Lambda(b)$ (which vanishes at primes, and so allows for A to have an anomalous prime count) but which obeys all the Type I and Type II axioms one is assuming (note that one should need Type I information at level $x^{0.9}$, or Type II information with $[\alpha,\alpha+\beta]$ containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.8, or 0.9, in order to detect the correlation with w).

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created Jun 22, 2012 at 17:25

114.1k
33
462
539

I think (assuming that B is fairly dense) only an epsilon of Type II information is needed to detect primes, but then one needs very good Type I information (with M allowed to become very close to x). For instance, if one takes Vaughan's identity

$$\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n) = \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_b \mu(a) \log(b) f(ab) - \sum_{a \leq U} \sum_{b \leq V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc) $$ $$ + \sum_{a > U} \sum_{b > V} \sum_c \mu(a) \Lambda(b) f(abc)$$

for any $U,V$ and $f$ supported on the region $n > V$, then by selecting $U := x^{3/4-\beta}$, $V := x^{1/4}$ and $f(n) := (1_A(n) - \lambda 1_B(n)) 1_{n > V}$, Vaughan's identity expresses $\sum_n \Lambda(n) f(n)$ in terms of Type I sums up to level $x^{1-\beta}$ and Type II sums in the regime you suggested. The idea to make the Type I sums do almost all the work is quite useful, for instance in Bombieri's asymptotic sieve. (I also used it recently to establish that every odd number is expressible as the sum of at most five primes.) Of course this only works when one has extremely good equidistribution information on A, which either requires A to be very "smooth" or to assume some powerful equidistribution hypothesis, such as the Elliot-Halberstam conjecture.

But I doubt that one can get by if one only has an epsilon of Type II information and if the Type I information is limited to some level well below x, such as $x^{3/4}$; somehow one is not covering enough cases to control any reasonable divisor sum expansion (whether of Vaughan type or otherwise). But I don't have an explicit counterexample at hand, but it should be something like a set A which is biased with respect to a weight function such as $w(n) := \sum_{a \sim x^{0.8}; b \sim x^{0.1}; ab|n} \mu(a) \Lambda(b)$ (which vanishes at primes, and so allows for A to have an anomalous prime count) but which obeys all the Type I and Type II axioms one is assuming (note that one should need Type I information at level $x^{0.9}$, or Type II information with $[\alpha,\alpha+\beta]$ containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.8, or 0.9, in order to detect the correlation with w).