There is a lot of number theory elementary conjectures, but one that is especially elementary is the so called Giuga Conjecture (or Agoh-Giuga Conjecture), from the 1950: a positive integer $p>1$ is prime if and only if $$\sum_{i=1}^{p-1} i^{p-1} \equiv -1 \pmod{p}$$$$\sum_{k=1}^{p-1} k^{p-1} \equiv -1 \pmod{p}$$
Martin Sleziak
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