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Suppose that $(X, \mathcal{X})$ is a measurable space and $(Y,\mathcal{Y}, \mu)$ is a measure space (in my particular application, they are Polish spaces endowed with their Borel $\sigma$-algebra). Suppose we have a collection of measures $(\rho_y)_{y\in Y}$ defined on $(X,\mathcal{X})$ indexed by $Y$, such that $$ \rho : \Gamma \in \mathcal{X} \mapsto \int_Y \rho_y(\Gamma) \, d\mu $$ makes sense and defines a measure on $X$. I am looking for conditions under which we can have an ''interchange'' theorem like this : $$ \int_X f \, d\rho = \int_X f \, d\left( \int_Y \rho_y \, \mu(dy) \right) = \int_Y \int_X f \, d\rho_y \, \mu(dy). $$ I don't find references for this particular application. I tried to rely on interchange theorems based on weak convergence of measures, by approximating $\rho$ with an increasing sequence of measures that converges set-wise but I don't get the interchange. Thanks in advance for your suggestions.

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  • $\begingroup$ If $\mu$ abd $\rho_y$ are probability measures you find some results of this sort as applications of the Fubini theorem. You can extend these results easily to the situation that $\mu$ is a $\sigma$-finite measure and $\rho$ a uniformly $\sigma$-finite kernel. $\endgroup$ Jun 18, 2020 at 16:52
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    $\begingroup$ for more on this theme you might want to lookup "desintegration of measures" $\endgroup$ Jun 18, 2020 at 22:31

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The condition $$\int_X f\,d\rho=\int_Y\int_X f\,d\rho_y\,\mu(dy) \tag{1}$$ holds, by the definition of $\rho$, in the case when $f$ is the indicator of any $\Gamma\in\mathcal X$. By the linearity in $f$, (1) continues to hold for all nonnegative simple $f$. Next, by the monotone convergence theorem, (1) still holds for all nonnegative measurable $f$. Thus, (1) holds for all measurable $f$ such that either for $f_+:=\max(0,f)$ or for $f_-:=\max(0,-f)$ in place of $f$ the right-hand side or the left-hand side of (1) is $<\infty$.

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