I'm curious to find out where the viewpoint of higher categories may be useful so here is a somewhat vague question (which may or may not have a reasonable answer).
Given a triangulated category, one can consider the set of all possible t-structures on it. Simple examples where one can compute things by hand indicate that this is something complicated but not hopelessly so. See for example the paper http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.0552 by Jon Woolf which describes a three parametric family of t-structures on the constructible bounded derived category of $\mathbf{P}^1(\mathbf{C})$ stratified by a point and its complement. Some of these t-structures are more interesting than others and there is one that is the most interesting of them all since by taking the bounded derived category of its heart one gets back the triangulated category one started with. (For that t-structure the heart is the category of perverse sheaves on $\mathbf{P}^1(\mathbf{C})$.)
On the other hand, the set of t-structures on a triangulated category is interesting since there lurks somewhere the conjectural motivic t-structure whose existence implies Grothendieck's standard conjectures. See the recent paper http://arxiv.org/abs/1006.1116 by Beilinson.
On the triangulated categories page of the n-category lab website it says "Therefore, all the structure and properties of a triangulated category is best understood as a 1-categorical shadow of the corresponding properties of stable (infinity,1)-categories". See http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/triangulated+category. Note that this is quite a strong statement, since it is referring to all, and not just some, properties and structure of a triangulated category.
So I'd like to ask: is there a higher categorical analog of a t-structure? More generally, how does the higher categorical viewpoint help one understand the set of all (or maybe all "nice" in an appropriate sense) t-structures on a given trangulated category, provided it is the homotopy category of a stable $(\infty,1)$ category?
upd: as Mike points out in the comments, the answer to the first question is yes and it is given by proposition 6.15 of Lurie's Stable Infinity Categories. The second, more "philosophical" question remains.