Just to give correct references. Let $d$ be the degree of an irreducible character of a finite group $G≠1$. Then $|G|=d(d+e)$ for some $e > 0$ (that is because $d$ divides $|G|$ and $d^2 < |G|$). Therefore the condition $(d+1)^2 > |G|$ means $d(d+e)=|G|$ with $e=1$ or $2$. If $e=1$, then $G$ is a doubly transitive Frobenius group or of order 2 by Berkovich, Yakov Groups with few characters of small degrees. Israel J. Math. 110 (1999), 325–332. If $e=2$, then $G$ is a cyclic group of order 3 or non-Abelian group of order $8$ by Snyder, Noah Groups with a character of large degree. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 136 (2008), no. 6, 1893–1903. In general the order of $G$ is bounded by $((2e)!)^2$ by Snyder's paper. That estimate was greatly improved to $O(e^6)$ in Isaacs, I. M. Bounding the order of a group with a large character degree. J. Algebra 348 (2011), 264–275 (using the Classification of finite simple groups) and then to $e^6-e^4$ (if $e\ge 2$) by Durfee, Christina, Jensen, Sara A bound on the order of a group having a large character degree. J. Algebra 338 (2011), 197–206 (without the Classification). On the other hand, by Snyder's remark, a finite version of the Heisenberg group gives a low bound $e^4-e^3$ and $O(e^4)$ is conjecturally also the upper bound (see Isaacs' paper where this upper bound is proved in many cases).
Just to give correct references. Let $d$ be the degree of an irreducible character of a finite group $G≠1$. Then $|G|=d(d+e)$ for some $e > 0$ (that is because $d$ divides $|G|$ and $d^2 < |G|$). Therefore the condition $(d+1)^2 > |G|$ means $d(d+e)=|G|$ with $e=1$ or $2$. If $e=1$, then $G$ is a doubly transitive Frobenius group or of order 2 by Berkovich, Yakov Groups with few characters of small degrees. Israel J. Math. 110 (1999), 325–332. If $e=2$, then $G$ is a cyclic group of order 3 or non-Abelian group of order $8$ by Snyder, Noah Groups with a character of large degree. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 136 (2008), no. 6, 1893–1903. In general the order of $G$ is bounded by $((2e)!)^2$ by Snyder's paper. That estimate was greatly improved to $O(e^6)$ in Isaacs, I. M. Bounding the order of a group with a large character degree. J. Algebra 348 (2011), 264–275 (using the Classification of finite simple groups) and then to $e^6-e^4$ (if $e\ge 2$) by Durfee, Christina, Jensen, Sara A bound on the order of a group having a large character degree. J. Algebra 338 (2011), 197–206 (without the Classification).