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I think a lot of your questions apply to arbitrary Galois field extensions, not just the field extension $\mathbb{R} \subset \mathbb{C}$. This might help clarify the problems you are having by putting them into a general context.
Let $E \subset F$ be a finite Galois extension of fields and let $X$ be a smooth variety over $E$. Then, the canonical divisor $K_X$ is always defined over the base field $E$ E$. Moreover, it is well-behaved with respect to smooth base change, so that yes indeed the base change of$K_X$to$X_F$is the canonical divisor$K_{X_F}$of$X_F$. With regards to divisors, we have natural maps homomorphisms$\mathrm{Div}(X) \to \mathrm{Div}(X_F)$and$\mathrm{Pic}(X) \to \mathrm{Pic}(X_F)$given by base change. Moreover, in the case of surfaces this morphism respects the intersection pairing as your desire, as the intersection of number of two divisors is defined geometrically. Also in the first case, it is true that the image consists of those divisors which are invariant under the action of$\mathrm{Gal}(F/E)$. However, in general this does not hold for Picard groups. By which I mean, there may exist divisor classes which are Galois invariant, but nonetheless there does not exists a divisor in that class defined over$E$. As an example, consider a conic$X$defined over$E$which has no rational points, such that$X_F$has rational points. Then the natural map$\mathrm{Pic}(X) \to \mathrm{Pic}(X_F)$corresponds to the inclusion$2\mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}$, as lowest degree of any divisor is$2$(given by the anticanonical divisor). However, the action of$\mathrm{Gal}(F/E)$on$\mathrm{Pic}(X_F)$is trivial as it preserves the degree of a divisor. As for blow-ups, one can define blow-ups of closed points in a similar manner to how one defines the blow-up on of a rational point. Closed points correspond to Galois invariant collections of rational points on$X_F$, therefore the map given by blowing up each of these rational points is Galois invariant and so descends to a morphism defined over$E$. A lot of these ideas can be found in Manin's book on cubic forms. 1 I think a lot of your questions apply to arbitrary Galois field extensions, not just the field extension$\mathbb{R} \subset \mathbb{C}$. This might help clarify the problems you are having by putting them into a general context. Let$E \subset F$be a finite Galois extension of fields and let$X$be a smooth variety over$E$. Then, the canonical divisor$K_X$is always defined over the base field$E$Moreover, it is well-behaved with respect to smooth base change, so that yes indeed the base change of$K_X$to$X_F$is the canonical divisor$K_{X_F}$of$X_F$. With regards to divisors, we have natural maps$\mathrm{Div}(X) \to \mathrm{Div}(X_F)$and$\mathrm{Pic}(X) \to \mathrm{Pic}(X_F)$given by base change. Moreover, in the case of surfaces this morphism respects the intersection pairing as your desire, as the intersection of number of two divisors is defined geometrically. Also in the first case, it is true that the image consists of those divisors which are invariant under the action of$\mathrm{Gal}(F/E)$. However, in general this does not hold for Picard groups. By which I mean, there may exist divisor classes which are Galois invariant, but nonetheless there does not exists a divisor in that class defined over$E$. As an example, consider a conic$X$defined over$E$which has no rational points, such that$X_F$has rational points. Then the natural map$\mathrm{Pic}(X) \to \mathrm{Pic}(X_F)$corresponds to the inclusion$2\mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}$, as lowest degree of any divisor is$2$(given by the anticanonical divisor). However, the action of$\mathrm{Gal}(F/E)$on$\mathrm{Pic}(X_F)$is trivial as it preserves the degree of a divisor. As for blow-ups, one can define blow-ups of closed points in a similar manner to how one defines the blow-up on a rational point. Closed points correspond to Galois invariant collections of rational points on$X_F$, therefore the map given by blowing up each of these rational points is Galois invariant and so descends to a morphism defined over$E\$.