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Élie Cartan's son Henri Cartan was also a great mathematician. As well as some great papers, that Cartan did a lot of collaborative work, including Bourbaki and the Cartan seminar. A lot of things are also named after him, for instance the Cartan-Eilenberg resolution.

I can't access the Cartan lemma in Freitag and Kiehl. I see no direct connection between your Cartan lemma in complex analysis, which is a lower bound on the norm of the value of a complex polynomial at a non-root; and your Cartan lemma on decompositions of non-Archimedian associative in normed rings.

Élie Cartan's son Addendum: Thanks to Mohan's answer, I now know that the bound for complex polynomials is due to Henri Cartan was in 1928. It looks like the Cartan lemma on normed rings is also a great mathematiciandue to Henri Cartan in 1940, but his biggest contributions were and was originally applied in complex analysis even though it is a result in ring theory. So maybe my historical review is not of all that well informed for the same type as those of his dadspecific question. That Cartan did more collaborative workAnd, including Bourbaki although I still don't have access to Freitag and the Cartan seminarKiehl, the result there could be a Cartan's Lemma in sheaf cohomology which would lead is also due to fewer things named after himHenri Cartan. But some things are named after himSo maybe my first paragraph playing up Élie Cartan in the first paragraph is not all that well informed for this question, although he is also certainly responsible for instance the Cartan-Eilenberg resolutionvarious "Cartan's Lemmas".
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To expand on Mariano's answer, the real point is that Élie Cartan did an immense amount of work across many areas of mathematics. He was one of the best mathematicians of the early modern period, by which I mean the period of Hilbert. Everyone knows that Hilbert was the greatest or one of the greatest mathematicians of this era. Poincaré was only a little earlier and many people would put him first or second. But beyond these two, if you made a list of the ten greatest mathematicians born between 1850 and 1900, I think that it would be hard not to include Cartan. So asking what this Cartan lemma has to do with that Cartan's lemma is a little like asking what Eulerian circuits have to do with the Euler-Lagrange equation.

To give two examples, the Cartan matrix is named after Cartan because he completed the classification of complex simple Lie algebras. (The page says without citation that the Cartan matrix is actually due to Killing, but that is a side point, because Killing's work was reworked and extended by Cartan.) On the other hand, the Cartan-Hadamard theorem says that a complete, connected, simply connected manifold with non-positive sectional curvature is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^n$. Cartan is the "C" in CAT(0) and CAT(-1) spaces for this reason. Cartan matrices have no direct connection to CAT(0) spaces. (Indirectly speaking, they are both related to symmetric spaces, but lots of things are indirectly related.)

Cartan also invented the differential graded algebra of differential forms on a manifold. It is not named after Cartan, but it certainly could have been, and it is one of the best definitions of the era.

I can't access the Cartan lemma in Freitag and Kiehl. I see no direct connection between your Cartan lemma in complex analysis, which is a lower bound on the norm of the value of a complex polynomial at a non-root; and your Cartan lemma on decompositions of non-Archimedian associative normed rings.

Élie Cartan's son Henri Cartan was also a great mathematician, but his biggest contributions were not of the same type as those of his dad. That Cartan did more collaborative work, including Bourbaki and the Cartan seminar, which would lead to fewer things named after him. But some things are named after him, for instance the Cartan-Eilenberg resolution.