8 added 31 characters in body

Dear TCL,

If one does not confuse geodesics with minimal geodesics, then one can say that if you develop the cube onto the plane, then straight lines are geodesics. Of course, not all geodesics arise in this way and I've never considered the question of giving an explicit formula for the distance function.

If $P$ is an $(n-1)$-dimensional polyhedron in an $n$-dimensonal normed space, which we consider as a piecewise flat Finsler space, then a large class of geodesics that do not pass through the $(n-3)$-skeleton of $P$ can be easily described as follows:

(1) On each facet they are straight lines.

(2) They cross the $(n-2)$-dimensional faces transversely and at each crossing they satisfy the generalized Snell-Descartes law (of refraction).

This statement almost obvious because straight lines are geodesics in normed spaces (and hence on the facets, which I consider as pieces of normed spaces with the induce norm) and because the generalized Snell-Descartes law follows from Fermat's principle.

In the case of the cube with the piecewise flat $\ell_\infty$ metric, this gives that straight lines in the developed cube are geodesics on the cube.

## The generalized Snell-Descartes law

This is a good time to say that what I'm writing now is basically an annoucement of an essay I'm writing for a book with A.C. Thompson ("An invitation to Minkowski geometry"). The presentation here is a bit sketchy at some points (otherwise it would be too long), but if you reconstruct the pictures, I think everything will be clear.

A well-known secret in physics is that everything becomes simpler when you use momentum (a truly physical notion) rather than velocity (which is mere kinematics) and so it is with the laws of reflection and refraction. Moreover, once formulated in terms of momenta, the generalization to the Finsler (or normed-space) setting is obvious.

Correspondence between velocity and momentum or one minute with the Legendre transform

Let $v$ be a unit vector on a normed space $(X,\|\cdot\|)$, the momenta associated to $v$ is the set of unit covectors $\xi \in X^*$, the dual normed space, such that the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball of $X$ at the point $v$. We extend the definition to all non-zero vectors by homogeneity. You can also write this in terms of the subdifferential of the square of the norm.

(Here I really should have inserted a nice picture!)

The same procedure allows us to associate to every non-zero momentum a set of velocities. When the unit spheres of $X$ and $X^*$ are strictly convex, the correspondence between velocities and momenta is a bijection.

The Snell-Descartes law

Consider an $(n-1)$-dimensional cooriented subspace $W \subset {\mathbb R}^n$ (the wall) and consider a norm on each half-space that describes the propagation properties of light in this anisotropic medium. The norms do not have to agree on the wall, although they do when we look at piecewise flat Finsler metrics on polyhedra and so for simplicity (I do not want to deal here with "critical angles" at which refaction becomes reflection) I will assume both norms agree on the subspace $W$.

Law of refraction: If the light ray hits the wall $W$ transversally at the origin with incoming unit momentum $\xi$ (i.e. $\|\xi\|^*_1 = 1$), then the outgoing momenta $\eta$ (there may be an infinity of light rays refracting from a single ray!) are characterized by the conditions:

(a) $\|\eta\|^*_2 = 1$,

(b) The restrictions of the covectors (= linear forms) $\xi$ and $\eta$ to the subspace $W$ agree,

(the third condition is easier to draw than to state and it distinguishes refraction from reflection)

(c) The points at which the hyperplane $\eta = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_2 = {v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1}$ lie on the same side of $W$ as the points at which the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_1 = {v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1}$.

Indeed if we change (c) by

(c') The points at which the hyperplane $\eta = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_2 = { v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1 }$ and the points at which the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_1 = { v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1 }$ lie on different sides of $W$.

we obtain a slight generalization of the Law of reflection for Minkowski spaces given in Corollary 3.2 of the paper by Gutkin and Tabachnikov).

Remarks.

1. The laws of refraction and reflection admit a very pretty synthetic interpretation in terms of pencils of hyperplanes. Have fun!

2. When condition (b) cannot be met is exactly the case where we have a "critical angle" and light is reflected instead of refracted. A good exercise is to check these constructions in the standard case and rediscover the usual laws of reflection and refraction (and the condition for critical angles) that you find in any physics textbook.

3. When the normed spaces are such that their unit balls and their duals are strictly convex, then to each incoming light ray corresponds one and only and outgoing light ray.

4. On the upper half-space take the usual Euclidean norm, on the lower half-space take the norm whose unit ball is a double cone with base equal to the unit disc on the wall and apex apexes $(0,0,\dots,0,1)$ and $(0,0,\dots,0,-1)$. You can verify that all light rays coming from the upper-half plane get refracted into the sheaf of vertical rays.

7 added 40 characters in body

Dear TCL,

If one does not confuse geodesics with minimal geodesics, then one can say that if you develop the cube onto the plane, then straight lines are geodesics. Of course, not all geodesics arise in this way and I've never considered the question of giving an explicit formula for the distance function.

If $P$ is an $(n-1)$-dimensional polyhedron in an $n$-dimensonal normed space, which we consider as a piecewise flat Finsler space, then a large class of geodesics that do not pass through the $(n-3)$-skeleton of $P$ can be easily described as follows:

(1) On each facet they are straight lines.

(2) They cross the $(n-2)$-dimensional faces transversely and at each crossing they satisfy the generalized Snell-Descartes law (of refraction).

This statement almost obvious because straight lines are geodesics in normed spaces (and hence on the facets, which I consider as pieces of normed spaces with the induce norm) and because the generalized Snell-Descartes law follows from Fermat's principle.

In the case of the cube with the piecewise flat $\ell_\infty$ metric, this gives that straight lines in the developed cube are geodesics on the cube.

## The generalized Snell-Descartes law

This is a good time to say that what I'm writing now is basically an annoucement of an essay I'm writing for a book with A.C. Thompson ("An invitation to Minkowski geometry"). The presentation here is a bit sketchy at some points (otherwise it would be too long), but if you reconstruct the pictures, I think everything will be clear.

A well-known secret in physics is that everything becomes simpler when you use momentum (a truly physical notion) rather than velocity (which is mere kinematics) and so it is with the laws of reflection and refraction. Moreover, once formulated in terms of momenta, the generalization to the Finsler (or normed-space) setting is obvious.

Correspondence between velocity and momentum or one minute with the Legendre transform

Let $v$ be a unit vector on a normed space $(X,\|\cdot\|)$, the momenta associated to $v$ is the set of unit covectors $\xi \in X^*$, the dual normed space, such that the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball of $X$ at the point $v$. We extend the definition to all non-zero vectors by homogeneity. You can also write this in terms of the subdifferential of the square of the norm.

(Here I really should have inserted a nice picture!)

The same procedure allows us to associate to every non-zero momentum a set of velocities. When the unit spheres of $X$ and $X^*$ are strictly convex, the correspondence between velocities and momenta is a bijection.

The Snell-Descartes law

Consider an $(n-1)$-dimensional cooriented subspace $W \subset {\mathbb R}^n$ (the wall) and consider a norm on each half-space that describes the propagation properties of light in this anisotropic medium. The norms do not have to agree on the wall, although they do when we look at piecewise flat Finsler metrics on polyhedra and so for simplicity (I do not want to deal here with "critical angles" at which refaction becomes reflection) I will assume both norms agree on the subspace $W$.

Law of refraction: If the light ray hits the wall $W$ transversally at the origin with incoming unit momentum $\xi$ (i.e. $\|\xi\|^*_1 = 1$), then the outgoing momenta $\eta$ (there may be an infinity of light rays refracting from a single ray!) are characterized by the conditions:

(a) $\|\eta\|^*_2 = 1$,

(b) The restrictions of the covectors (= linear forms) $\xi$ and $\eta$ to the subspace $W$ agree,

(the third condition is easier to draw than to state and it distinguishes refraction from reflection)

(c) The points at which the hyperplane $\eta = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_2 = {v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1}$ lie on the same side of $W$ as the points at which the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_1 = {v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1}$.

Indeed if we change (c) by

(c') The points at which the hyperplane $\eta = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_2 = { v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1 }$ and the points at which the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_1 = { v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1 }$ lie on different sides of $W$.

we obtain a slight generalization of the Law of reflection for Minkowski spaces given in Corollary 3.2 of the paper by Gutkin and Tabachnikov).

Remarks.

1. The laws of refraction and reflection admit a very pretty synthetic interpretation in terms of pencils of hyperplanes. Have fun!

2. When condition (b) cannot be met is exactly the case where we have a "critical angle" and light is reflected instead of refracted. A good exercise is to check these constructions in the standard case as and rediscover the usual laws of reflection and refraction (and the condition for critical angles) that you find in any physics textbook.

3. When the normed spaces are such that their unit balls and their duals are strictly convex, then to each incoming light ray corresponds one and only and outgoing light ray.

4. On the upper half-space take the usual Euclidean norm, on the lower half-space take the norm whose unit ball is a cone with base equal to the unit disc on the wall and apex $(0,0,\dots,0,-1)$. You can verify that all light rays coming from the upper-half plane get refracted into the sheaf of vertical rays.

6 added 73 characters in body; deleted 4 characters in body

Dear TCL,

If one does not confuse geodesics with minimal geodesics, then one can say that if you develop the cube onto the plane, then straight lines are geodesics. Of course, not all geodesics arise in this way and I've never considered the question of giving an explicit formula for the distance function.

If $P$ is an $(n-1)$-dimensional polyhedron in an $n$-dimensonal normed space, which we consider as a piecewise flat Finsler space, then a large class of geodesics that do not pass through the $(n-3)$-skeleton of $P$ can be easily described as follows:

(1) On each facet they are straight lines.

(2) They cross the $(n-2)$-dimensional faces transversely and at each crossing they satisfy the generalized Snell-Descartes law (of refraction).

This statement almost obvious because straight lines are geodesics in normed spaces (and hence on the facets, which I consider as pieces of normed spaces with the induce norm) and because the generalized Snell-Descartes law follows from Fermat's principle.

In the case of the cube with the piecewise flat $\ell_\infty$ metric, this gives that straight lines in the developed cube are geodesics on the cube.

## The generalized Snell-Descartes law

This is a good time to say that what I'm writing now is basically an annoucement of an essay I'm writing for a book with A.C. Thompson ("An invitation to Minkowski geometry"). What I'm writing now The presentation here is a bit sketchy at some points (otherwise it would be too long), but if you reconstruct the pictures, I think everything will be clear.

A well-known secret in physics is that everything becomes simpler when you use momentum (a truly physical notion) rather than velocity (which is mere kinematics) and so it is with the laws of reflection and refraction. Moreover, once formulated in terms of momenta, the generalization to the Finsler (or normed-space) setting is obvious.

Correspondence between velocity and momentum or one minute with the Legendre transform

Let $v$ be a unit vector on a normed space $(X,\|\cdot\|)$, the momenta associated to $v$ is the set of unit covectors $\xi \in X^*$, the dual normed space, such that the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball of $X$ at the point $v$. We extend the definition to all non-zero vectors by homogeneity. You can also write this in terms of the subdifferential of the square of the norm.

(Here I really should have inserted a nice picture!)

The same procedure allows us to associate to every non-zero momentum a set of velocities. When the unit spheres of $X$ and $X^*$ are strictly convex, the correspondence between velocities and momenta is a bijection.

The Snell-Descartes law

Consider an $(n-1)$-dimensional cooriented subspace $W \subset {\mathbb R}^n$ (the wall) and consider a norm on each half-space that describes the propagation properties of light in this anisotropic medium. The norms do not have to agree on the wall, although they do when we look at piecewise flat Finsler metrics on polyhedra and so for simplicity (I do not want to deal here with "critical angles" at which refaction becomes reflection) I will assume both norms agree on the subspace $W$.

Law of refraction: If the light ray hits the wall $W$ transversally at the origin with incoming unit momentum $\xi$ (i.e. $\|\xi\|^*_1 = 1$), then the outgoing momenta $\eta$ (there may be an infinity of light rays refracting from a single ray!) are characterized by the conditions:

(a) $\|\eta\|^*_2 = 1$,

(b) The restrictions of the covectors (= linear forms) $\xi$ and $\eta$ to the subspace $W$ agree,

(the third condition is easier to draw than to state and it distinguishes refraction from reflection)

(c) The points at which the hyperplane $\eta = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_2 = {v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1}$ lie on the same side of $W$ as the points at which the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_1 = {v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1}$.

Indeed if we change (c) by

(c') The points at which the hyperplane $\eta = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_2 = { v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1 }$ lie and the points at which the hyperplane $\xi = 1$ supports the unit ball $B_1 = { v : \|v\|_2 \leq 1 }$ lie on different sides of $W$.

we obtain a slight generalization of the Law of reflection for Minkowski spaces given in Corollary 3.2 of the paper by Gutkin and Tabachnikov).

Remarks.

1. The laws of refraction and reflection admit a very pretty synthetic interpretation in terms of pencils of hyperplanes. Have fun!

2. When condition (b) cannot be met is exactly the case where we have a "critical angle" and light is reflected instead of refracted. A good exercise is to check these constructions in the standard case as rediscover the usual laws of reflection and refraction that you find in any physics textbook.

3. When the normed spaces are such that their unit balls and their duals are strictly convex, then to each incoming light ray corresponds one and only and outgoing light ray.

4. On the upper half-space take the usual Euclidean norm, on the lower half-space take the norm whose unit ball is a cone with base equal to the unit disc on the wall and apex $(0,0,\dots,0,-1)$. You can verify that all light rays coming from the upper-half plane get refracted into the sheaf of vertical rays.