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This is only a partial answer, which I shall delete if I find a better one. Every pair $(k,d)$ of the form $$d=\frac12\phi(n),\qquad k={\rm card}(\frac{n}{6}\le j \le\frac{n}{2},j\wedge n=1)$$ is OK: take the cyclotomic polynomial $\Phi_n$ and form the irreducible polynomial $P_n\in{\mathbb Z}[X]$ defined by $$\Phi_n(t)=t^{\frac{n}{2}}P_n\left(t+\frac1t\right).$$ The roots of $P_n$ are the numbers $2\cos\frac{2j\pi}{n}$ with $j\wedge n=1$, smaller than $1$ if and only if $\frac{n}{6}\le j \le\frac{n}{2}$.

If instead $k=d-1$, take any Salem Pisot number. Edit (after Nikita's comment below): One may take the companion matrix of $X^d-X^{d-1}-\cdots-X-1$. Its only root of modulus greter than $1$ is a Pisot number, also called a multinacci number. If $d=2$, this is just the golden ruleratio, at the basis of the Fibonacci sequence, hence the word' multinacci.

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This is only a partial answer, which I shall delete if I find a better one. Every pair $(k,d)$ of the form $$d=\frac12\phi(n),\qquad k={\rm card}(\frac{n}{6}\le j \le\frac{n}{2},j\wedge n=1)$$ is OK: take the cyclotomic polynomial $\Phi_n$ and form the irreducible polynomial $P_n\in{\mathbb Z}[X]$ defined by $$\Phi_n(t)=t^{\frac{n}{2}}P_n\left(t+\frac1t\right).$$ The roots of $P_n$ are the numbers $2\cos\frac{2j\pi}{n}$ with $j\wedge n=1$, smaller than $1$ if and only if $\frac{n}{6}\le j \le\frac{n}{2}$.

If instead $k=d-1$, take any Salem number. It must be known whether there are such numbers Edit (after Nikita's comment below): One may take the companion matrix of arbitrary degree$X^d-X^{d-1}-\cdots-X-1$. Its only root of modulus greter than $1$ is a Pisot number, also called a multinacci number. If $d=2$, this is just the golden rule, at the basis of the Fibonacci sequence, hence the word' multinacci.

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This is only a partial answer, which I shall delete if I find a better one. Every pair $(k,d)$ of the form $$d=\frac12\phi(n),\qquad k={\rm card}(\frac{n}{6}\le j \le\frac{n}{2},j\wedge n=1)$$ is OK: take the cyclotomic polynomial $\Phi_n$ and form the irreducible polynomial $P_n\in{\mathbb Z}[X]$ defined by $$\Phi_n(t)=t^{\frac{n}{2}}P_n\left(t+\frac1t\right).$$ The roots of $P_n$ are the numbers $2\cos\frac{2j\pi}{n}$ with $j\wedge n=1$, smaller than $1$ if and only if $\frac{n}{6}\le j \le\frac{n}{2}$.

If instead $k=d-1$, take any Salem number. It must be known whether there are such numbers of arbitrary degree.