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One simple to state problem in number theory is the Collatz Conjecture, and I'm kind of surprised no one has mentioned this one yet (considering the examples you cite, I suspect it is because this one does not require anything beyond grade-school math to understand and so may seem below the level of this questions)question). Nevertheless I add it to the list because it is amazingly addictive to think about.

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One simple to state problem in number theory is the Collatz Conjecture, and I'm kind of surprised no one has mentioned this one yet (considering the examples you cite, I suspect it is because this one does not require anything beyond grade-school math to understand and so may seem below the level of this questions). Nevertheless I add it to the list because it is amazingly addictive to think about.