There are not too many books that do a proper job regarding Noether's theorem. Some books which are standard references for a differential geometric treatment of theoretical (classical) mechanics, and which deal with it in that language are:
José / Saletán - "Classical Dynamics, A Contemporary Approach"
Dubrovin / Fomenko / Novikov - "Modern Geometry. Part I: Geometry of Surfaces, Transformation Groups and Fields" (as recommended in a previoius comment by Giuseppe)
de León / Rodrigues - "Methods of Differential Geometry in Analytical Mechanics"
As a theoretical physicist who wanted to study these things in the most mathematical way possible, I found those books extremely helpful to bridge the gap between the two settings. For the history of such an important result, this recent book is very interesting:
You may also be interested in the style of mathematical physics mechanics articles and books developed bySardanashvily et al.:
Sardanashvily - Noether conservation laws in Classical Mechanics"
Sardanashvily - "Fibre Bundles, Jet Manifolds and Lagrangian Theory. Lectures for Theoreticians"
and especially the recent titles whose material is similar to
Giachetta / Mangiarotti / Sardanashvili - "Advanced Classical Field Theory"
Giachetta / Mangiarotti / Sardanashvili - "Geometric Formulation of Classical and Quantum Mechanics"
Giachetta / Mangiarotti / Sardanashvili - "New Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods in field theory"

