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Basic example from operations research: efficient resource allocation is important in any society, so one can argue that civilizations of the past (and linear the present) have been wanting in part because of the absence of good allocation heuristics. Linear programming is a first major step toward sound quantitative analysis, and the fact that it was known on one side and not the other apparently contributed to an allied advantage during World War 2.

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Basic example from operations research: efficient resource allocation is important in any society, and linear programming apparently contributed to an allied advantage during World War 2.