In an ancient MathLinks topic (post #6; but see below for a copy) I have given a proof of the inequality by reducing it to $\left(\sqrt{a}\vec{p}+\sqrt{b}\vec{q}+\sqrt{c}\vec{r}\right)^2\geq 0$, where multiplication means scalar product of vectors and $\vec{p}$, $\vec{q}$, $\vec{r}$ are unit length vectors chosen in such a way that the angles between them are $\pi-u$, $\pi-v$, $\pi-w$, respectively. This rewrites geometrically as follows: Pick a point $P$ in the plane, and take three points $A$, $B$, $C$ such that $PA=\sqrt{a}$, $PB=\sqrt{b}$, $PC=\sqrt{c}$, $\measuredangle BPC=\pi-u$, $\measuredangle CPA=\pi-v$ and $\measuredangle APB=\pi-w$. Then, the difference between the left hand side and the right hand side of your inequality is $9$ times the square of the distance between the point $P$ and the centroid of triangle $ABC$. Equality thus holds if and only if $P$ is the centroid of triangle $ABC$; this is equivalent to the assertion that the triangles $BPC$, $CPA$, $APB$ have equal areas; this, in turn, is equivalent to the assertion that $\sqrt{a}:\sqrt{b}:\sqrt{c}=\sin u:\sin v:\sin w$ (because the area of triangle $BPC$ is $\frac{1}{2}\cdot PB\cdot PC\cdot \sin\measuredangle BPC=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{b}\sqrt{c}\sin u$ etc.).
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In http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=69200an ancient MathLinks topic (post #6) 6; but see below for a copy) I have given a proof of the inequality by reducing it to $\left(\sqrt{a}\vec{p}+\sqrt{b}\vec{q}+\sqrt{c}\vec{r}\right)^2\geq 0$, where multiplication means scalar product of vectors and $\vec{p}$, $\vec{q}$, $\vec{r}$ are unit length vectors chosen in such a way that the angles between them are $\pi-u$, $\pi-v$, $\pi-w$, respectively. This rewrites geometrically as follows: Pick a point $P$ in the plane, and take three points $A$, $B$, $C$ such that $PA=\sqrt{a}$, $PB=\sqrt{b}$, $PC=\sqrt{c}$, $\measuredangle BPC=\pi-u$, $\measuredangle CPA=\pi-v$ and $\measuredangle APB=\pi-w$. Then, the difference between the left hand side and the right hand side of your inequality measures is $9$ times the square of the distance between the point $P$ and the centroid of triangle $ABC$ ABC$. For better searchability, let me copy my MathLinks posts over here (up to finding some old post on MathLinks is almost impossible as for now). Note that I do not claim originality for the theorems. Theorem 1. Let $x$, $y$, $z$ be three real numbers and $A$, $B$, $C$ three real angles such that $A + B + C = 180^{\circ}$. Then, $x^2+y^2+z^2\geq 2yz\cos A+2zx\cos B+2xy\cos C$. Proof of Theorem 1. We will denote by $\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{p};\;\overrightarrow{q}\right)$ the directed angle between two vectors $\overrightarrow{p}$ and $\overrightarrow{q}$ (note that this is a constant directed angle modulo $360^{\circ}$). For any two vectors $\overrightarrow{p}$ and $\overrightarrow{q}$, we are going to denote by $\overrightarrow{p}\cdot\overrightarrow{q}$ the scalar factor)product of the vectors $\overrightarrow{p}$ and $\overrightarrow{q}$. For any vector $\overrightarrow{p}$, we are going to denote by $\overrightarrow{p}^2$ the scalar product $\overrightarrow{p}\cdot\overrightarrow{p}$. Every vector $\overrightarrow{p}$ satisfies $\overrightarrow{p}^2=\left|\left|\overrightarrow{p}\right|\right|^2\geq 0$. Let $\overrightarrow{a}$ be a vector of unit length. Let $\overrightarrow{b}$ be a vector of unit length such that $\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{a};\;\overrightarrow{b}\right)=180^{\circ}-C$. Let $\overrightarrow{c}$ be a vector of unit length such that $\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{b};\;\overrightarrow{c}\right)=180^{\circ}-A$. Then, $\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{c};\;\overrightarrow{a}\right)=360^{\circ}-\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{a};\;\overrightarrow{b}\right)-\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{b};\;\overrightarrow{c}\right)$$=360^{\circ}-\left(180^{\circ}-C\right)-\left(180^{\circ}-A\right)=C+A=180^{\circ}-B$ (since A + B + C = 180°). Now, all the vectors $\overrightarrow{a}$, $\overrightarrow{b}$ and $\overrightarrow{c}$ have unit length: $\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{c}\right|=1$. Thus, $\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{b};\;\overrightarrow{c}\right)=180^{\circ}-A$ yields $\overrightarrow{b}\cdot\overrightarrow{c}=\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\cdot\left|\overrightarrow{c}\right|\cdot\cos\measuredangle\left(\overrightarrow{b};\;\overrightarrow{c}\right)=1\cdot 1\cdot\cos\left(180^{\circ}-A\right)=\cos\left(180^{\circ}-A\right)$$=-\cos A$. Similarly, we obtain $\overrightarrow{c}\cdot\overrightarrow{a}=-\cos B$ and $\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}=-\cos C$. Thus, $\left(x\cdot\overrightarrow{a}+y\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+z\cdot\overrightarrow{c}\right)^2$ $=\left(x\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\right)^2+\left(y\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2+\left(z\cdot\overrightarrow{c}\right)^2$ $+2\cdot y\cdot\overrightarrow{b}\cdot z\cdot\overrightarrow{c}+2\cdot z\cdot\overrightarrow{c}\cdot x\cdot\overrightarrow{a}+2\cdot x\cdot\overrightarrow{a}\cdot y\cdot\overrightarrow{b}$
$=x^2\cdot 1^2+y^2\cdot 1^2+z^2\cdot 1^2+2yz\cdot\left(-\cos A\right)+2zx\cdot\left(-\cos B\right)+2xy\cdot\left(-\cos C\right)$ $=x^2+y^2+z^2-2yz\cos A-2zx\cos B-2xy\cos C$. Since we, obviously, have $\left(x\cdot\overrightarrow{a}+y\cdot\overrightarrow{b}+z\cdot\overrightarrow{c}\right)^2\geq 0$, we thus get $x^2+y^2+z^2-2yz\cos A-2zx\cos B-2xy\cos C\geq 0$, so that $x^2+y^2+z^2\geq 2yz\cos A+2zx\cos B+2xy\cos C$, and Theorem 1 is proven. Other proofs of Theorem 1 can be found at http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?t=5243 and http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?t=42509 . Theorem 1 is equivalent to the following, also quite useful (for olympiad mathematics and magazine problem sections, that is, although I would not be surprised to see more applications) inequality: Theorem 2. Let $x$, $y$, $z$ be three real numbers and $A$, $B$, $C$ three real angles such that $A + B + C$ is a multiple of $180^{\circ}$. Then, $ \left(x + y + z\right)^{2}\geq 4\left(yz\sin^{2}A + zx\sin^{2}B + xy\sin^{2}C\right)$. We will only show a proof of Theorem 2 using Theorem 1: First, we can WLOG assume that $A + B + C = 180^{\circ}$. This is because the inequality $ \left(x + y + z\right)^{2}\geq 4\left(yz\sin^{2}A + zx\sin^{2}B + xy\sin^{2}C\right)$ will not change if we add a multiple of 180° to one of the angles A, B and C (because $ \sin^{2}\left(180^{\circ} + u\right) = \sin^{2}u$ for every u), and consequently, since A + B + C is a multiple of 180°, we can add a multiple of 180° to the angle A such that, after this, we will have A + B + C = 180°. Now, for A + B + C = 180°, we have $ \left(180^{\circ} - 2A\right) + \left(180^{\circ} - 2B\right) + \left(180^{\circ} - 2C\right) = 540^{\circ} - 2\cdot\left(A + B + C\right)$$ = 540^{\circ} - 2\cdot 180^{\circ} = 180^{\circ}$. Hence, Theorem 1 (applied to $ 180^{\circ}-A$, $ 180^{\circ}-B$, $ 180^{\circ}-C$ instead of $ A$, $ B$, $ C$) yields $ x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2}\geq 2yz\cos\left(180^{\circ} - 2A\right) + 2zx\cos\left(180^{\circ} - 2B\right) + 2xy\cos\left(180^{\circ} - 2C\right)$. Since $ \cos\left(180^{\circ} - 2A\right) = - \cos\left(2A\right) = - \left(1 - 2\sin^{2}A\right) = 2\sin^{2}A - 1$ and similarly $ \cos\left(180^{\circ} - 2B\right) = 2\sin^{2}B - 1$ and $ \cos\left(180^{\circ} - 2C\right) = 2\sin^{2}C - 1$, this becomes $ x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2}\geq 2yz\left(2\sin^{2}A - 1\right) + 2zx\left(2\sin^{2}B - 1\right) + 2xy\left(2\sin^{2}C - 1\right)$$ \Longleftrightarrow\ \ \ \ \ x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2}\geq 4\left(yz\sin^{2}A + zx\sin^{2}B + xy\sin^{2}C\right) - \left(2yz + 2zx + 2xy\right)$$ \Longleftrightarrow\ \ \ \ \ x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2} + \left(2yz + 2zx + 2xy\right)\geq 4\left(yz\sin^{2}A + zx\sin^{2}B + xy\sin^{2}C\right)$$ \Longleftrightarrow\ \ \ \ \ \left(x + y + z\right)^{2}\geq 4\left(yz\sin^{2}A + zx\sin^{2}B + xy\sin^{2}C\right)$, and Theorem 2 is proven. Theorem 2 also trivially follows from http://www.mathlinks.ro/Forum/viewtopic.php?t=15558 and was also discussed at http://www.mathlinks.ro/Forum/viewtopic.php?t=3849 ... |
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In http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=69200 (post #6) I have given a proof of the inequality by reducing it to $\left(\sqrt{a}\vec{p}+\sqrt{b}\vec{q}+\sqrt{c}\vec{r}\right)^2\geq 0$, where multiplication means scalar product of vectors and $\vec{p}$, $\vec{q}$, $\vec{r}$ are unit length vectors chosen in such a way that the angles between them are $\pi-u$, $\pi-v$, $\pi-w$, respectively. This rewrites geometrically as follows: Pick a point $P$ in the plane, and take three points $A$, $B$, $C$ such that $PA=\sqrt{a}$, $PB=\sqrt{b}$, $PC=\sqrt{c}$, $\measuredangle BPC=\pi-u$, $\measuredangle CPA=\pi-v$ and $\measuredangle APB=\pi-w$. Then, the difference between the left hand side and the right hand side of your inequality measures the square of the distance between the point $P$ and the centroid of triangle $ABC$ (up to a constant scalar factor). |
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