Bew (short for beweisbar, introduced by Gödel's incompleteness paper) is still used as a provability predicate in some mathematical logic papers.
In physics and other subjects (not so much in math) we hear about plenty of Gedankenexperiments.
Don't forget Hilbert's Satz 90, anomalous because of the "90" and not just the "Satz".
There are also French words like étale cohomology.
