In general, the simplest extension of (real-valued) one-parameter processes is to (real-valued) multi-parameter processes, where the index set is $\mathbb{R}^n_+$ (usually $n=2$). This includes, for example, the $n$-parameter Brownian sheet, and more generally, $n$-parameter L\'evy sheets (or processes). However, such processes are much simpler than general set-indexed processes.
You'll probably find the following paper very useful (especially the introduction, since the set-indexed framework might be too heavy): A Markov Property For Set-Indexed Processes.
