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Unfortunately, I don't have a good conceptual explanation for any of this. So here's a somewhat more technical explanation of how decalage is used in Hodge theory. The actual business of constructing mixed Hodge structures tends to be quite involved. In Deligne's approach, the Hodge and weight filtrations $F$, $W$ are constructed directly on certain complexes $K,\ldots$ subject to a bunch of axioms that can be verified in natural situations. This datum is a so called mixed Hodge complex. One seemingly technical, but very important, consequence of these conditions is that:

Theorem The spectral sequences associated to $F$ and $W$ degenerate at $E_1$ and $E_2$ respectively.

The $E_1$ degeneration is a very natural condition, it means that $F$ is strictly compatible with differentials. It can viewed as an abstract generalization of the Hodge decomposition. (Note that this doesn't do away with harmonic theory, since one needs it to verify the above axioms in the first place.) However, the $E_2$ degeneration condition for $W$ is a bit harder to work with. Here decalage becomes very convenient, in that it converts $E_2$ degeneration to $E_1$ degeneration for a new filtration $Dec(W)$. This makes certain additional arguments much more manageable. In fact, this trick of passing to $Dec(W)$ is needed in the proof of this the above theorem.

Added Perhaps another instructive illustration of these ideas can be found in Beilinson's paper Notes on absolute Hodge cohomology. In the paper, he introduces a variant of a mixed Hodge complex called a $\tilde p$-Hodge complex. Localizing the category of these with respect to quasi-isomorphism results in a triangulated category $D^b_{\tilde H^p}$. He proves (or more accurately sketches a proof) that this is equivalent to the bounded derived category of polarizable mixed Hodge structures $D^b(H^p)$. The functor
$$D^b(H^p)\to D^b_{\tilde H^p}$$ is easy to write down, but the inverse involves decalage. I mention this because it seems related to your original question about the two filtrations.

This has got to be one least understandable answers that I've ever written here, but when you have complexes with several filtrations the story is going to be technical. The miracle is that it isn't worse than it is.

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Unfortunately, I don't have a good conceptual explanation for any of this. So here's a somewhat more technical explanation of how decalage is used in Hodge theory. The actual business of constructing mixed Hodge structures tends to be quite involved. In Deligne's approach, the Hodge and weight filtrations $F$, $W$ are constructed directly on certain complexes $K,\ldots$ subject to a bunch of axioms that can be verified in natural situations. This datum is a so called mixed Hodge complex. One seemingly technical, but very important, consequence of these conditions is that:

Theorem The spectral sequences associated to $F$ and $W$ degenerate at $E_1$ and $E_2$ respectively.

The $E_1$ degeneration is a very natural condition, it means that $F$ is strictly compatible with differentials. It can viewed as an abstract generalization of the Hodge decomposition. (Note that this doesn't do away with harmonic theory, since one needs it to verify the above axioms in the first place.) However, the $E_2$ degeneration condition for $W$ is a bit harder to work with. Here decalage becomes very convenient, in that it converts $E_2$ degeneration to $E_1$ degeneration for a new filtration $Dec(W)$. This makes certain additional arguments much more manageable. In fact, this trick of passing to $Dec(W)$ is needed in the proof of this theorem.