MathOverflow will be down for maintenance for approximately 3 hours, starting Monday evening (06/24/2013) at approximately 9:00 PM Eastern time (UTC-4).
show/hide this revision's text 2 added 101 characters in body

Kolmogorov, apparently, asked the same question. Here is a paper, where he tried to answer it (with Uspenskii): Kolmogorov, A. N.; Uspenskiĭ, V. A. On the definition of an algorithm. (Russian) Uspehi Mat. Nauk 13 1958 no. 4(82), 3–28. I do not know if there were followup articles, but the idea of Yu. Gurevich' "Abstract state machines" is somewhat similar. Both Kolmogorov and Gurevich tried to "simulate" actual real life algorithms. Here is one of the (many) papers on abstract state machines: Blass, Andreas; Gurevich, Yuri Abstract state machines capture parallel algorithms: correction and extension. ACM Trans. Comput. Log. 9 (2008), no. 3, Art. 19, 32 pp. This is not the foundational paper on the subject, but it gives a definition and has references to more foundational papers. Also look at this Wiki article.

show/hide this revision's text 1

Kolmogorov, apparently, asked the same question. Here is a paper, where he tried to answer it (with Uspenskii): Kolmogorov, A. N.; Uspenskiĭ, V. A. On the definition of an algorithm. (Russian) Uspehi Mat. Nauk 13 1958 no. 4(82), 3–28. I do not know if there were followup articles, but the idea of Yu. Gurevich' "Abstract state machines" is somewhat similar. Both Kolmogorov and Gurevich tried to "simulate" actual real life algorithms. Here is one of the (many) papers on abstract state machines: Blass, Andreas; Gurevich, Yuri Abstract state machines capture parallel algorithms: correction and extension. ACM Trans. Comput. Log. 9 (2008), no. 3, Art. 19, 32 pp. This is not the foundational paper on the subject, but it gives a definition and has references to more foundational papers.